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7月21日成功登顶玉珠峰。谢谢8264的旗子，不冻泉客栈老板一直想要一面8264驴友带过去的旗子，有幸让我带了过去。谢谢 希途送我们的专业户外眼镜。这个故事要从北京开往拉萨的火车上说起，7月14日晚一个男人和三个女人登上了北京开往拉萨的火车。他们的目的地并不是拉萨而是青海省格尔木。7月份进藏的票是很难买的。经过努力只买到了4张硬座。补卧铺的可能性几乎为零。最后4个人“硬座改卧铺”虽有点不雅但也算解决了休息的问。劳累并兴奋的旅途自然也不会忘记窗外风景，山岭如画，人在画中。伴随着火车的震动和流动的风景，我们一路向西。兰州的火车站卖了一个叫：大饼卷鸡腿，这个很受欢迎。三人下车一个买了一个，我不吃鸡肉，也帮车上值班的UU买了一个。等上车后才发现这妞更猛，不吃肉。西宁火车站：青海老酸奶 味道很好，强烈推荐路过的朋友大批量购买，一妹妹回程时竟然买了一箱。青海的油菜花车窗外青海的青和青海的羊群为了更大的扩大地盘，进行了第二次“硬座改卧铺”，友谊也是从这里开始。经过了几十个小时，总算到达了格尔木火车站。4人小组的一个合影。也早该出来露面了，长的难看也要见大家的。到宾馆安顿好之后，第一件事就是吃羊肉呀，航天员回到地球吃羊汤，我们也必须要来碗羊肉汤。凌晨3点多到的。预定宾馆6点才可以入住，办理了钟点房临时休息。临时休息后入住格尔木大厦。7月17日睡醒之后，第一件事先挣开了眼。然后打电话联系我们租的车。司机说11点到。我们就开始收拾整理装备。11点左右司机来了。一个老朋友，去年就用了他的车。福特俱乐部8缸。为登山做的后勤采购。向不冻泉方向前进，路上捡了三名搭车去拉萨的朋友。佩服他们的精神。看着他们开以后笑容，我们也感觉到开心。欢笑是可以传染的。分离时就像朋友一样。短短的几个小时，让大家产生了一种快乐的友情。([]
最新章节： 第521章 伊朗退出伊核协议 （ 2024-04-30 10:18:49）
更新时间： 2024-04-30 11:34:38
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郑惠颖离上次印尼美娜多潜水已经4个月了，今年春节时我跟老爸一起去了帕劳。这次的行程差不多从去年11月就开始计划了，本来想去马来西亚的诗巴丹，可是本人还是经不起诱惑，执意来到了这里。选择帕劳是有几点好处的： 1. 这时正值当地的旱季，降雨量比较小，所以阴天也比较少，充足的阳光有助于水下的拍摄。2. 12月-2月正是蝠鲼 (Manta Ray)交配的季节，所以有机会能看见成群的蝠鲼。3. 来的人比较多，有机会接触世界各地的潜水爱好者，能够互相学习，探讨其他各地著名潜点。4. 几乎没有受到海洋灾难，2013年底的台风海燕虽然完虐了菲律宾，但是帕劳并没有太多损失。2004年的海啸对贝里琉海域造成了一部分的损失，但是对这次的潜水没有太多的影响。5. 这里有世界独一无二水母湖（Jellyfish Lake）。6. 蓝角（Blue corner) 几乎每一年都排在最佳潜点前五名。7. 贝里琉（Peleliu) 是太平洋战争的美军夺岛战役中最惨烈的战场(远超硫磺岛和塞班），值得来看一下，所以帕劳海域的沉船，和战机残骸也很多。--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------缺点是：1. 人太多了，酒店住房率极高，价格也是猛涨。2. 蚊子太多了，被咬率极高，后果也是极差！3. 水下的潜客太多了， 著名潜点会有很多人来光顾，想要停留看蝠鲼要排队。4. 海浪太大了，踮的我想吐， 潜点离主岛克罗尔（Koror)开船时间长，要45分钟。5. 潜水价格出奇的贵！ 一般是140美金两潜，宰你没商量。6. 跟中国大陆没有建交（跟台湾建交了），所以没有直航飞到帕劳，只能转机。关于潜水器材，及潜水摄影器材请 点击 https//bbs.8264.com/forum-redirect-goto-findpost-ptid-1884010-pid-35951243.html 由于没有直飞航班到帕劳，也因为起初打算顺便去PG岛潜几天，所以我们选择了经停菲律宾，马尼拉。 可是因为航班延误，整个计划都打乱了，所以在菲律宾耽误了3天，然后在帕劳直接潜了两个礼拜。航班： 一般去帕劳可以选择经停韩国，台北，菲律宾，香港的航线也刚刚开通了。住宿： 帕劳的酒店就是一个字， 贵！ 按照酒店等级的排行，春节期间房间价格大概是 80 - 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刘子惟西藏，我回来了！——《第一站，感受杭州》 我说过， 我的一生必须有三藏。 只是未曾预料到实现的如此迅速。 原计划今年的年休假去新疆，然而在九月下旬，一拔又一拔的人都已经出发了，而我却因为职业的关系，七、八、九三个月不能休假，未能赶上。 接着朋友又打来电话邀我去尼泊尔，我丝毫未犹豫，一口应承下来，结果因为时间关系，护照未办理下来，扫兴放弃。。。 随着假期的来临，郁闷的我竟然神使鬼差的在航空公司的网站秒杀了一张从杭州飞往重庆的特价机票，接着便顺理成章的确定了西藏的行程。 10月11日，上午8：00到达杭州，入住杭州的“春暖花开”青年客栈，客栈的名字虽然很骚，给人感觉却一般，貌似所有客栈的老板，对男人都不热情，当然，女老板除外。客栈的大床房与周边宾馆的价格相差无几，但我还是喜欢青年客栈的氛围。 感谢浙江的四月安安，听说我路过杭州，特地从义乌赶到杭州为我充当向导，虽然向导有些路盲，但还是陪我渡过了开心的一天。 10月11日，上午8：00到达杭州，入住杭州的“春暖花开”青年客栈 西藏，我又来了！——《第二站：走马观花游重庆》 重庆作为我的中转站，有意多停留几日，无奈时间紧迫，只好走马观花的逛了解放碑和老街。虽然行“摄”匆匆，但也并非无收获，至少我感受到了老街厚重的历史和解放碑浮燥的繁华，走过解放碑和老街两个不远的地方，却似乎穿越了一个世纪，这种体验前所未有。我在想，如果有机会再到重庆，我会用更长的时间慢慢领会她的魅力之所在，虽然现在留下了一些遗憾，但这点遗憾却是美妙的，让我有想念她的时候。 苏州美女，水乡养育水样的美 事实证明，苏杭出美女现象延续千年不衰。 史上最可怜的东坡肉，无奈已饥肠辘辘，对付一下吧。 午餐的时候，在西湖的旁品尝了传说中的西湖醋鱼，NND，两个字：坑爷！ 吴山广场随拍 吴山广场随拍 吴山广场随拍 西湖随拍 西湖随拍 西湖随拍 又见印象，时间关系，无缘一睹天堂一景。 西湖随拍 西湖随拍 雷峰塔旁的放生池，满满一池塘的巴西龟，罪过罪过。。 客栈的大床房与周边宾馆的价格相差无几，但我还是喜欢青年客栈的氛围。 客栈的名字虽然很骚，给人感觉却一般，貌似所有客栈的老板，对男人都不热情，当然，女老板除外。 重庆老街客栈，虽然很破旧，却很允满着浓浓亲切的气息 客栈门口走廊的涂鸦别致有趣 客栈的露天酒吧 客栈周边的民房 郁郁葱葱的爬墙虎覆盖着客栈的外墙，就像穿上了绿装。 和很多青年客栈一样，屋内的白墙上留满了旅行者的杰作。 客栈一角 很遗憾，在客栈没有找到8264的小黄旗，于是我慷慨的赞助了一面，客栈的老板很喜欢，立刻放到了客栈最显眼的地方。 解放碑有很多生动而且惟妙惟肖的铜像，最喜欢这个，真想和他对酌一番。([
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张文勇GO 摩托 伪少年 从乌市回来已经有段时间了，一直忙于生计或无为的工作，反倒是热衷的旅行却有些淡忘了，其实也不是淡忘，只是无可奈何的耽搁罢了。现下总算有些闲情了，就把这次的摩托环旅发上来，顺便给后来者做一点点参考。本次摩托旅行共计14000公里，全程走完丹东起始至抚远东边境，抚远至额济纳北边境，额济纳至乌鲁木齐全程国道。期间伏暴雨，过草原，滚沙漠无境不有，当然，各种危险与乐趣也是并存的，恶犬，车祸，绝水之类更是常伴左右，此间不多说，待兄弟下文慢慢道来。 出发前言 小屁，是我的一辆机车。其实，我也无法分辨它的性别，按理说男人都喜欢自己的摩托是位凶猛的钢铁侠，能够无坚不摧，霸气十足。但我宁愿它是位可人的女子，因为我实在不愿意骑在一个男人身上太久了。小屁是前不久刚从一位兄弟那里接手的，自己从网上淘了点东西，把它稍微化了个妆，但却无法改动它的心脏，所以125cc的机车，拉到高速总有力有不逮的顿感，排气管还不时发出嘭嘭嘭的声音，我大怒之下就为它取名叫做小屁。因而我也不再想象它是个似水美女了，毕竟此名不雅。 说到小屁，我不由想起刚被我低价卖掉的上一任机车。就是那一辆不起眼的本田摩托陪着我征战了09年的西藏之旅，不论是波密的泥石山洪还是五道梁的冰风雪雨，它都把我安全地带出了困境。我的勇敢是赐于你的坚强，再见了浙D·RM483 再次纪念我的朋友，你的离去代表了我新的征程。 我一直认为自己是一个男人，喜欢所有男人喜欢的纵情与不羁，并且我愿意为之付出巨大的牺牲和承难，我是这样爱着自由的大地。| 她躯体的任意一个角落都是值得让人抚慰的，所以我总喜欢骑着一辆斑驳的机车，驰骋在她的躯体上，不辞辛劳地来回奔波。有些人就把这种叫做摩旅，我不置可否。因为我只是坐在同一个位置上，领略它的风情。虽然我从此有了日行千里的本事。 其实，我也都快老了，不论是青春还是苦涩都将离我而去，取而代之的不过是碌碌的生活，还有甚微的躁动，可这又将于我的回忆何意呢？那么，我就再走走吧。我，对，就是自己。GO吧，摩托，还有，伪少年！ 夜宿洑东小镇 那一年，我说，当我跨上机车的时候，我知道，红旗飘起来了。不知为何，当事过境迁，我的血液里不知觉地少了那份激动。取而代之的竟然是深深的迷茫和无措。我逐渐驶离了绍兴，身后的一切好像都像流质的液体一样，我能感受到它从我心头点点滴滴的消失，这使我沉重！原来，我也会想家。 7月7日是自己出发的日子，这是我一早就想好了的。可我却没来由地乏味，直到7日凌晨才算把行装收拾妥贴。把特意从金华赶来为我践行的老哥也累的够呛。离开家已经快十一点了，没有人告别，女人也没有说话，临走前，我拎着帽子细细地看了她一眼，她似乎有些无动于衷，好像就跟往常一样，她对面的男人只是骑着摩托去附近的小球场转一圈就回来了。我的心也就这样安静下来了。 天还是燥热不安，一直到出了杭州城，空气才变得好受些。其实，在出发前的两天，我还认为会从福建一直南下再往西，这也算完成了我穿越湎越边界的梦想。但日头一天比一天猛烈，我只好选择北上内蒙再转战新藏了。 出了浙江界，宜兴地段的太湖公路显然更适宜骑行，不仅路面平整，晚落的太湖风也别有清新。此时，太湖面上已是雾如丝缕了。我择了一条小道，刚容一车通过，颤颤巍巍地往湖边上走。小道边上是一条小渠，大略是附近的村民开凿起来引水的。骑了没多久，我隐隐看到渠道的入口处有个东西在水里翻腾，再一看，居然是个人！我吓了一大跳，手头一哆嗦，死命地按了两声喇叭。水里的人听见动静，呼噜扎进了水里，我正迷惑着，这边小渠的边上就爬上了一个光着上身的小老头手里还拖着一蛇皮袋鼓鼓囊囊的东西。我好奇之极，便问他在做甚。小老头从爬上岸就一直在拖那袋东西，听我问话也不搭理我，背着东西就走了。我心想，这太湖人家也的确与众不同啊。我骑车往前刚走几步，看到坝上描着一行红漆：严禁挖掘芦笋。看来那小老头怕是被我抓了个现行啊。 到了洑东，天气已经微微暗下来了。宜兴也遥遥在望。于是准备找店家住下，在整个小镇悠转了一圈，只发现一家小超市上开了一个小旅馆。跟店家说了价格，便上楼去试看情况。人还没走进去就闻到一股浓重的异味，于是赶紧下楼撤退。这时，我有些后悔没在太湖边搭帐篷了，虽然湖水藻类横生，无法洗漱，但至少落得空气清新，还省却了费用。我正犹豫着，边上一位大妈就过来主动招呼我，说她家可以住人。我打量了一番，觉得大妈面慈目祥，理应不是坏人。再说，我也无财色可劫，就心安理得跟着大妈走了。到了大妈家才发现是一家非常小的副食品小店，斑驳的外墙，不起眼的小字，如果不是附近熟人，断定不会有外来的客人光顾。大妈告诉我说，早几年，洑东还是相当繁荣的，自从镇上的琉璃瓦厂倒闭了，人口也逐渐稀少了，现在连大集市也搬到另一个小镇上去了。大妈似乎很愤懑自己所住的地方成了这副光景，我心下也黯然，一城一池，繁芜终无定数啊。5631KG，离开绍兴中午累了，骑到路边的林子里休息了一会（遥控器就是好用，即使一个人，也照样拍的卡卡的）洑东小镇里的小店 夜营映山 此刻我拘居在这顶窄小的破帐篷里，一边打字一边问候着送我帐篷的兄弟。这该死的帐篷居然每一节帐杆的橡皮绳都是断的。这让我彻底丧失了修复它的决心，只好将就着把帐杆扣起来了事。 昨夜有些乏了，许久没有出门，身体和自己都有些忘记旅行的疲惫了。早晨醒来，不论是肩膀还是腰椎都酸疼的厉害，连左手也有些不得劲。勉强地从三楼把行包拎下来，再捆绑干净，已经是9点过了。临出发，大妈再三叮嘱我要注意安全，我感激地挥别离了我旅行中的第一个驿站。 一路上的风景乏善可陈，除了一层不变的火热，就是扬着一屁股灰尘的大货车。对于它们，我厌烦而恐惧，所以我想尽快地离开这一段有城市的旅程。这也是促使我放弃走东海岸线的原因之一。出了洑东，一路往北疾行，路上遇到几位摩托爱好者，狂飙着大排量的机车轰鸣而过，期间居然还有一位女的，我有些郁闷，骑着追了一段，最终还是放弃了。毕竟我只是骑着一辆125的小屁，上了80迈还不停地打盹放炮，着实令人恼火。 过了宜兴，日头越发猛烈了，40几度的地表把车垫烤的火热，我甚至能感觉到背上的汗液顺着股沟一直流到了内裤上，黏抓在皮肤上湿漉漉的让人愤怒。总算熬到了一家加油站，刚把车子停下，超市里冲出来一人，是个小胖妞。我以为她要来加油，连忙示意她说不用。但她还是径直冲到了我面前，一脸兴奋的。“骑车旅游的？”“嗯。”“一个人？”“啊。”于是小胖妞就露出一脸的羡慕。说。“你去哪呢？”“环游”“啥？”我一时不知该怎么解释，于是想用一个地名来答复她。想了想，就说去西藏。小胖妞果然兴起，瞅着我一个傻乐。我看着胖妞有趣，也来了话唠。就说。“怎么，想去？”小胖妞不假思索道，“那是”“那就去呗”我故作怂恿。“咋去，我又不会像你这样骑车。”“跟我走呗，我带你。”我有些不怀好意。“那怎么成，你一个男的，我……”小胖妞有些难为情。“那有什么关系，大家都是成年人，你说是吧？”我有些乐了。小胖妞听我这么一说，闹了个红脸，怏怏地回超市去了。没过多久，她又走出来，让我跟她回超市，说里面有空调，凉快。我自然求之不得，于是又在超市坐着跟几位大姐侃了会。不过小胖妞不知跑哪去了，待我走了也没再见到她。离开了宜兴地界，一直走过南京、滁州，除了在滁州寻买了一个读卡器，便再无停留。那样的城市和温度，对我早已没有了吸引力。临近傍晚，西边晚霞映染，道路却也变得多姿多彩了一些，只是路向偏西，太阳刚照在脸上，总觉得有些晃眼，一路慢走慢行倒也安全无虞。天色渐渐暗了。前方小城还相去甚远，于是我想着在路边按个帐篷，但由于上午下了雨，所以草地上到处都是坑坑洼洼的水汪子。正没辙，突然发现离马路不远的树林子里似乎有一个小庙宇。我大喜过望，急忙骑着车过去。到了近处才发现是一座废弃小砖房。门前已经长起半人高的杂草了，看来此处是久无人居了。我下车去查看，发现两扇铁门被铅丝箍的严严实实，除非用老虎钳否则根本没办法打开。我透过门缝向里一望，目之所及，到处都是散乱的袋子和垃圾，还有一个木椅子正端端正正地摆在房子的里屋门口。我突然感觉有些阴冷，脑中闪过一丝怪异的想法。于是急急忙忙退了出来。走到车边，又好好打量了一番这间房子。原来，刚才走的急，没发现此处附近没有一家民居，周围还特意的环绕了一圈柏树。我不知这是何意，不过，我也彻底打消了要破门而入，堂而居之的想法。太阳一落山，天就黑的特别快。我又骑着车行进了十几里地，前方就是明光城区了。可我被刚才的遭遇一折腾，心里还认准了今夜非露营不可。泥地、草坪肯定行不通，不仅潮湿，还寻不好一个取水的地方。我毫无目的地骑着车瞎转悠，经过一个叫映山的小村时，路边一盏昏暗的小灯吸引了我的注意。赶近处一看，果不其然，还真是一个学校。听见摩托车的突突声，门口的小房子里钻出来一对中年男女。他们见我拖着一车行李，插着个小旗，觉得非常惊讶。当我告诉他们说想在学校的操场上打个铺时，男女便爽快的同意了。学校并不大，甚至有些破落。搭好了帐篷，我去问门卫大哥，询问有无可以洗澡的地方。门卫大哥热情带我到教学楼后面的林子里。到了那里我才发现，所谓的洗澡居然就是拎着井水冲个凉而已。大哥说这里没有自来水，平时他们都是这样洗澡的。我倒也无所谓，反正打小也是这么过来的，乘着四下无人，痛痛快快脱光了衣服洗了澡。我只是好奇平时孩子们是怎么洗手的呢？ 洗完澡刚回帐篷，大姐就过来问我吃饭没，要是不嫌弃就吃点，他们也刚吃完。出于礼貌，我就婉拒了她的好意。在帐篷里啃了中午留下的半块压缩饼干，觉得应该跟大哥大姐聊会天才对，于是拎着水瓶顺带着去装点水来。大姐很是热情，捧出半个大西瓜，三人就围坐在校门口的木头桌子上边吃边聊。大哥告诉我，前几年他们一家子都在永康打工，也是最近才回了老家。现在干看门的活一个月能赚个千把块，家里又种了点地，日子也算能过得下去。只是小女儿学习不太好，刚中考完，分数还进不了最差的普高，还得花上一笔钱才行。说到这，大哥脸上有了些忧虑。大姐倒是一副乐天的模样，一直笑呵呵的问东问西，我也说些旅途的趣事给他们听。我向他们打听明日该去的行程，他们也都不知道。其实这些地方离此地都很相近，只是他们除了生活的老家，还有曾经打过工的陌地，就从未出过远门了。出了宜兴，日头愈发猛烈了骑的乏了，就在路边小憩一会儿映山小学校的操场杂乱的操场几乎没有一块平整的地方，篮球架下算是有一小块水泥地可以扎营学校没有浴室，甚至连个可以遮掩的地方都没有，只好在树林子里打水冲了个凉开学时，大哥卖些小文具和零食以贴补家用。门卫室里只有一台没有有线电的电视。 第三天 不懂自己心一早，我还睡得迷迷糊糊，门卫大哥就过来喊我起床，说给我准备了早餐，吃完了好乘着凉快赶路。我虽然还想再赖一会，但肚子的确饿了，昨晚的半包压缩饼干早已消化的无影无踪。于是赶紧收帐、叠包、打捆、装车，连洗刷也比平时快了不少。只可惜，待我赶到门卫室时，大哥刚好外出，大姐也不在，只有他们的小女儿在收拾锅碗。我瞅了一眼桌子，上头还放着两份菜，显然是留着给我的。一盘是番茄炒蛋，鲜嫩的西红柿裹挟着几块金黄的鸡蛋片儿。还有一盘是咸菜炒肉丝，咸菜油亮油亮的，几条历历可数的肉丝也显得特别诱人。我暗暗吞了口唾沫，也不知该怎么开口说起这回事。小姑娘只管低着头捣鼓被挖的干干净净的电饭锅，既没说话，也没啥示意。我局促地站了会，只好在门口灌了两瓶热水，又问她要了张便条，给门卫大哥留了我的地址和联系方式，便骑车走了。一直出了江苏界，沿着微山湖往北就进入山东地界了。山东，是个颇有分量的省份，无论在哪方面都是行道的翘楚，就如一只蓄势待发的东北虎，虎视眈眈地紧盯沪江，直观近年来的趋势，大有你干不了老大那就我来的感觉。山东不像别的省份，很多的大镇小城或许你都没有听说过，但它的每一个城市每一个地方似乎都能让人有零星半点的记忆，更难能可贵的是它值得称道的肯定是景观或者文化，而并非别的。 只是山东不是我现在要走的，它已经够热闹的了，并不需要现在的我再去画蛇添足，该我去的，是那够寂寥的荒芜之地。到了晌午，因为睡眠不足，人开始恍惚起来。我在路边找了片林子，停好车后便在树上挂了吊床。这是出发前特意买的，是午睡防蛇的利器。不过，因为我太害怕蛇了，所以把吊床绑的高了一些。导致我爬上去的时候连摔了两次。一次摔得四脚朝天，一次摔了嘴啃泥。幸亏附近没蛇，要不然估计连蛇也要笑话我了。吊床晃晃悠悠的，树叶子还不时扇点凉风，再加上知了啊青蛙啊什么蜈蚣蚂蚁的大合唱，很快我就睡着了。没想到这一睡就是一个多小时。醒来一看，时间已经是下午三点了。照路程计算，今天是过不了泰安了。急急忙忙上了路，一路风驰电掣，眨眼间就早已几十公里之外了。都说山东汉子是爷们，大男子主义不可一世。原先，我倒不信。不过一路上的计划生育语，倒是让我对自己产生了怀疑。“关爱女孩，就是关爱民族的未来”，光是这条语，一路上就见了不下十次。我不知山东政府是不是因为要纠正重男轻女的思想，不过，在我看来，这条语倒是别有内涵。“未来”是什么，未来就是将来，就是将来的人。将来的人怎么来的，那就是女人生下来的。所以女孩长大了就是生未来的人的人。所以要保护和关爱会生孩子的人。那么到头来，女人好像真成了繁衍工具了？当然，这只是消遣而已。甭管他在生物系统上是雄性更具有主导地位还是雌性更具有决定权，反正在下一世，谁也不知道自己会不会变成另一个人。到泰安已经晚上八点了。泰安城早已灯火万家。找到青旅，把行装收拾干净，准备到外头吃点东西，却发现附近街上的小吃店都关了门。回到旅舍，大厅里有一帮男男女女在安排行程，又有几人在吹牛，说是这一遭走过了多少个城市，哪一个城市的美女最多，又吃了饕餮了多少美食。安排行程的，都在计划着怎么从南天门登顶，夜宿泰山之巅。大伙儿都很兴奋，似乎正要去完成一件伟大的壮举。我听听看看，忽然发现自己好像早已远离了这个群体，我依稀看到了五六年前的自己也曾这么憧憬每一次旅程。是我开始自闭了，还是我的旅途没人会懂？ 虽说只是小小的五河县城，但依我看来却并不比江南的任何一座小城差。况且人家那还是蓝天碧水不说。睡吊床也是一门艺术啊，真是下床容易，上床难 第四天——淋雨早早的我收拾了行囊，逃也似的离开了青旅。我不知道怕什么，总感觉待在这里，它将会消磨了我的意志。而我往后的行程却需要足够的坚强与无畏。 早上醒来，身上的包又多了几个。可能是昨天午休时忘记了在背包上喷药水，使得不少虫子钻了进去。于是，它们便搭着我的车一路的咬，一路的笑，跟我一起来到了泰安。期间，还有不少个被我不断晃动的背包给压死了，到晚上脱衣服时，我才发现它们小小的黑瘦的尸体。在泰安城的铃木专卖店换了机油，听我说起要环游大边境，老板一个劲地表示佩服。我心下有些不以为然，既然都佩服我了，干啥子还不送壶机油哩，还收了我几十块钞票……在出城的路上，遇到了几位赶着驴车的老农。看见驴，我就远远的躲开了。我怕驴，这是有历史原因的。几年前，我与一重庆的哥们从日喀则回拉萨，路上遇到一头小驴子萌态可掬，便凑上去给它照相。可不知它是被激怒了还是被刺激了，一下就兴奋了起来。我一瞧，这动向不明啊。连忙给那兄弟打招呼，他还不知所以，正乐呵呵呵逗它玩。我就说，哎，哎，你瞧它那玩意儿。那兄弟一瞧，嘿，锤子！小驴子那东西嗖嗖嗖的涨了起来。我靠，两人心里一哆嗦，撒腿就跑。那小驴子见我俩窜开去，还得意地追了过来。幸亏这畜生被桩子给拴着，要不然我那跑不动的胖子兄弟准被那驴子给糟蹋了。驴这畜生，还真摸不透它是怎么想的，它是把那玩意当生殖器呢还是当武器？要是当生殖器，它是否把我俩给看错了对象。要是当武器呢，我看这驴准是被自己给踢了，普天下用这个当武器的我可是第一次见到啊。所以我有些害怕驴这动物，当它看上了你的时候，不管是要攻击你还是糟蹋你，都会举起它那威武的工具，让你颜面扫地。刚过济南黄河大桥，天就开始下雨。我在桥头的小店里坐了半晌。小店没有店家，只在门口放了把长椅子供路人歇息。我坐下没多久，一对弟兄也骑着摩托过来躲雨了。他们两个就自顾着玩手机，我闲着没事就抓苍蝇玩儿。耽搁了半来个小时，雨就停了。我又出发上路。没想到才到陵县，雨又开始大起来。我干脆找了家小店，准备吃点东西再走，这时已经是下午末时光景了。小店不大，店家卖的是羊杂汤还有一些鸡蛋饼和孜然饼之类。不过门口贴着一语，口气不小，曰：陵县第一家。不知道是陵县第一家口味呢，还是陵县路口第一家？我一时有些内急，想借店里的厕所一用，刚跨进门，差点就熏昏过去。厕所内脏乱不堪，阵阵异味扑面而来，更让人大倒胃口的是蹲坑旁边居然还排满了密密麻麻的啤酒瓶子。我没细看空瓶还是满瓶，胡乱洗了个手就急忙退出来。走到餐厅，店家的小孩已经把一碗羊杂和两块鸡蛋饼搁桌上了。我心想，都已经点了单了，不吃也浪费。俗话说不干不净吃了没病，出门在外能喂饱已经不错了。于是也不想其他，三下五去二，把粮食全部干完了事。只是雨一直不停地下着，从陵县之后的两百多公里，我就一直浸泡在裹满雨水的雨衣里。除了一只防水的鞋子没有进水，其他的，包括内裤都成哭泣的海洋。那个时候，我好像又回到了09年的波密。那时的318国道波密段被山洪冲垮了一个百来米长的缺口，路上堆满了泥石流留下的大小石头，上面又有山洪不停地泄下来。我骑着摩托车在东头望了半天，最终还是决定涉水而过。不然必须要等到武警把国道抢通，那时不知是多少天以后的事了，而318是波密进藏唯一的通道。当我骑着摩托到了水路中央的时候，不幸发生了，车轮子被地下的石头卡住，车身失去了平衡，连着人一起栽在了水里面。我一下子惊慌失措，扑腾着站起来，水刚好没过了腰际，而摩托车和背包却全部浸在了水里。我顾不得浑身冻得发冷，想要把车扶起来，可背包灌满了水压着后座，就像是把车子死死地钉在了水里面。我绝望的放弃了。我抬头看了看河对面的那个武警，他从开始就站在自己的那辆大卡车前看着我，既没有在我涉水之前喊停，也没有告诉我那个地方水会更浅一些。或者他的任务仅仅掌握动态向上级报告吗？我抬头看着他，他也望着我，那一脸漠然的模样至今也使我记得。于是，我放弃了向他求助。重新蹲下，把整个手臂环抱在摩托车的架子上，狠狠的把它立了起来。至此，我也明白了，有些时候，我只能靠自己，哪怕再绝望再无助，坚强才是最好的动力！ 泡了一天的雨，到了晚上手开始胀痛晚间找了家旅馆住下。衣裤都是泥水，累的两腿发软也没劲儿再搓洗，只好胡乱挂在房间里。下楼，看到路边有家面馆，一时间，馋虫狂号！ 第六天 从北京到山海关昨天从泊头到北京时，已经下午6时多了，一直过了廊坊雨才开始逐渐停下来，我被淋得狼狈不堪，只好把雨衣脱了，顺着廊坊到北京百十来地的风才勉强把衣服吹个半干。一晚上都在朋友的陪同下度过，期间热情暂且不表。到北京最主要的目的是更添一部分装备，除了重新置换一顶帐篷之外，还让朋友代购了一些当时没买到的蛇药、手术刀片、绷带之类，最重要的是借用了一台手持GPS，希望这能让我的旅程多一份保障。到山海关的路并没有想象中的好走。因为卢龙段102大翻修，一路上到处都是运载的货车，整个下午基本上都是在大货车中艰难的穿行。中间，还发生了一个小小的意外。离开玉田城不久，我就遇上了延绵几公里的堵车长龙，不用说漫天的灰尘弄的我灰头土脸，光是那些尾气也足以把人烤的外焦里嫩了。我越骑越心烦，于是就顺着大货车右侧的空隙，慢慢地开始超车。没想到，前方路边铺满了一层厚厚的沙土，我一时没注意，车轮子在沙地上一打滑，车子便晃晃悠悠地拐倒在地上。而此时离我几米开外的后方正好停着一辆运泥沙的大货车。我心下骇然，如果不是前面排起了队，还真不好说后果会怎么样了。有了这个教训，我特意的放慢了速度，毕竟，任何时候安全才是最重要的。山海关古城游客不多，甚至整条街上也见不到一个背包客。北大街上的几家客栈更是门可罗雀。我骑着车子转了一圈，看到有一家写着“学生公寓”的客栈，心想该是个实惠的去处。我问坐在门口逗狗的老板，家里有铺没，老板满口应承。很是热心地帮我把车推进了院子。院子还挺大，上下两层小楼，一溜的仿古装饰。待我拎着包进了房门，才发现里头其实就是个简易的小旅馆，这倒也罢，只是老板张口就要了100，说是只卖房不卖铺。我拎着包进退不是，想着车子都已经推到院子里来了，装备也拆了，再掉头走人就不合情理了。所以也便答应了。不过，不靠谱的是老板居然要了500块的押金。这小小的家庭旅馆，堪比五星啊。快十一点了，瞌睡虫慢慢开始侵蚀我的意识。该睡了……没玩没了的伪少年。明天，明天就要出关了。出了山海关，过了丹东，我的旅行才是真正的开始！整个古城都在卖这种花生糕，我嘴馋切了一小块，你大爷的，重量堪比切糕啊，而且硬的牙都快崩了。啃了两口，实在吃不了，扔了。 第七天 营口旅途中，最有意思的莫过于遇见形形色色的人了，不论他是否使你感动、忧伤、悲愤、快乐。只有不同的人的存在和交错，你才会觉得自己的存在。我们都在一个城市生活的太久了，很多时候都忘记了世界不只有这么大，能看到的也不只有身边的生命，闻到的也不只有眼前的空气。羁绊太多，在我的意识里父辈的人们几乎都没有为自己活过，我不愿意像他们，虽然我也会有无穷的牵挂。我愿意自己就像一只葫芦岛苇丛里的海鸟，出海的时候一个人，回来的时候满屋子的温暖。这也是旅行的另一种意义。东北人很爽朗，不论男女都是一种天性。如果你找人问路，对方的神态动作有千百种，但语言态度只有一种，那就是逗得你乐。问这大爷。嗨，大爷，山海关咋走啊？大爷锄头在地上一杵，裂开嘴就喊道，你看，顺着这道，别拐弯，使劲儿砸就到了。问那大姐，嗨，大姐，东郭咋去呢？大姐把饺子皮面一捏把，拍拍手站在门口为我指路，看见没？照着这道一直往前走，第一道口往北一转，就往上干，一路别停歇。“砸”“干”“冲”，一个个毫不相干的词到了东北老乡的嘴里，却这般模样，实在令人莞尔。早晨醒的并不早，院子里没有什么声音，况且我也睡得沉。小院老板帮我把车子抬出门，递给我一支烟，两人就有一搭没一搭聊起天来。其实老板并不是当初想的那么财势，听他的说法也颇让人郁闷的。老板青岛人，刚好三十，也算是漂泊过来。在山海关租了个小院子，开了这家不大不小的客栈，平时也没什么生意，主要靠附近的高中学生在此借宿。老板告诉我，山海关这地儿生意不好做，当地政府政策不扶持也便罢了，最要不来的是各级部门三天两头来检查，一检查就得罚款，所以想要在此地做生意得先把这帮公仆喂饱了才成。难怪，昨晚上我在古城里转了一大圈，除了偶有几家本地人在卖那啃不动的花生糕，基本上都是关门大吉，没想到竟然是这种原因。听到这里，我心里不由对当地政府产生了鄙夷。所谓窥一斑而见全豹，一家小小客栈的老被尚且被折腾至此，更不用说其他了。老板唉声叹气，反倒羡慕起我来了，说是如能像我如此这般那倒当真不错。原来，老板为了能在本地安身立命，找了个当地姑娘，以便借用姑娘家的关系打点各种门道。我不由唏嘘，这货，为了挣俩钱，把身子都给搭进去了。出了绥中，我正停在路边照相，迎面骑过来两位自行车友。到了近前一看，带头的居然还是位大爷。一问才知道原来是网上颇有名气的大庆油人李兴德老人，李爷今年68了，从世纪初就开始接触自行车游行，目前总行程已超过三十万公里，可谓真真切切的老当益壮啊。李爷甚是热情，听说我要环游国境线，忍不住感叹，说骑着摩托车周游中国一直是他的梦想，希望有一天能与我一起同游。三人相谈甚欢，留了影，记了电话才挥手致别，我往北，他们往西。沿着海岸线，一路向东北进发，路边都是繁茂的芦苇田。虽然还看不见海，但那股子清新的味道早已扑面而来，我的心也随之清爽了。我见路边的芦苇荡子长得好看，就顺着小道一直往深处骑去，两边苇叶飒飒作响，不时还有咕噜咕噜的水鸟发出打盹儿的声音。我干脆弃了车，沿着小路徒步了一阵，看那无边无际的芦苇一直延伸开去，成片，翠绿，飘扬着，欢乐着，不知还要多久才能有个尽头……路上遇到许多载芦苇杆的车子，就像个背负着如山压力的老人路上遇见两位骑友了无尽头的芦苇荡子营口河大桥营口小城 第八天 丹东海滨公路 营口是座新城，如果只是从大街上走过，你会恍惚它是个大城。楼房虽然不高，但胜在道路宽敞。一入城，我就觉得这地儿比绍兴好，比绍兴亮堂。而到了第二天，我又觉得这地儿还是比不上绍兴，没绍兴实诚。其实，很多北方的小城，包括中西部的城镇，看似不错，基建也搞得像模像样，但毕竟城市基础放在哪儿，深入走一走，就发现那不过是白须儿的西瓜，它里头还没熟。因为在绍兴带的地图册是老版的，内容不是很详尽，所以第二天在图书城重新买了一本。又在肯德基买了个汉堡，一屁股坐在商场的大门口，就着凉水三下五去二把东西吃光，便又匆匆上路了。在计划中，我会在日落前，经过丹东然后到一个叫古楼子的小镇，可由于路上贪玩，便错过了时辰。到了晚间，沿海公路起了大雾，我穿着一件风衣还是被冻得发抖，到丹东城区已经是晚过九点了。丹东没有青年旅舍，在网络上却有一家小有名气的客栈。我吊着肚子按网上留下的地址，一路找寻，到了目的地一问，这兄弟早就卷铺盖不干了。我一肚子窝囊，只好随意在路边找了一家旅店住下。丹东最多的就是烤肉店了，无论在城市的哪条街都可以见到各种杂色的烤肉店名，那家叫王大胖子烤店，这家叫李小矮子烤店，你能想到的名它有，你想不到的名儿它也有，但家家都卖一种东西，那就是烤肉串。一整天了，我就在营口啃了一汉堡，早已饿的昏天暗地，也不及精挑细选，找了一家最近的，让老板各整俩牛羊串，再烧一鸡架子，最后下一碗粉。这就是我在丹东最好的食物了。不过，粉太辣，我挑了俩筷子就咽不下去了，只好浪费。 这一天虽然对不起肚子，但精神上的确非常愉悦。不用说出了盖州走盘山公路那种拉马式的快感，单是庄河至丹东那一段滨海公路，也够让我废寝忘食的了。海滨路上几乎没有什么行车，我摆足了架势把马力往上飙，可惜小屁这东西不争气，过了八十码就给掉链子，一顿一顿的活像被人卡着脖子赶路。我知道它性情，于是便不催促它，干脆慢下车来好好欣赏沿海美景，不时还窜上一码头，驻车远眺，当真是一份惬意无限啊。出了营口开始连续的盘山公路路边的瓜田里，几位妇人正在顶日劳作滨海公路附近的湖泊通往海滨公路的大道，笔直 停泊在码头整整齐齐的小船临近东海，视野变得宽阔起来天快黑了，我还在路上徘徊。是景太美，还是人太醉？海滨公路两侧矗着不少的风车，平添了几多韵味。太阳下的很快，没一会儿，天边余晖散尽，留下一片乏绿的天空，让人着迷到了丹东肚子饿得不行，在街边一排当要了一份米线和几个大串，没想到米线辣的不行，只好强忍着舔两口了事。串嘛味道还成，实在太饿了，再来十窜也不成问，就是有点小贵。 第九天 丹东备战 丹东，今天下雨，淅淅沥沥的，不是很大，却容易打湿路过的人。我这个远方的客人，没有特别的感觉，就如同闲逛家乡的某个小城一样，走过了它的每一条小街。 因为雨，也因为丹东是我整个东北边境线的最后一站城市，所以尽量在今天把需要的装备补充完整。在附近的超市买了些米和冰糖，又在街边的劳保店添了一个提包。只是找不到一个合适的油箱罐子，只能在路上再想办法了，如果实在不行，就只好拿饮料瓶子将就了。 下面是我的一部分装备，闲来无事就收拾收拾。求生装备：手持gps 步话机 钓鱼线 鞭炮 ** 工兵铲 强光手电能量装备：糖类 牛肉干 肉松 咖啡 维c求生装备、炊具：汽油炉头 锅子 驱虫剂 辣椒水 冷光棒主食装备：压缩饼干 米 肉肠 大蒜头 榨菜 萝卜头 第十天 雨中的丹东边境 从昨天开始，雨就没有停过。早晨起床，雨还是飘洒着。查看了天气预报，雨还得持续到明日才会停下。我已经在丹东城消耗了一天，思量不能再耽搁下去了，于是收拾了行装，出了城往东北方向赶去。 沿着鸭绿江一路骑行，很容易就可以望见河对岸的朝鲜民居。扫地的老大爷告诉我，丹东对岸就是朝鲜第二大城市新义州了，你也可以乘着船去江里转一圈，对岸的朝鲜人民也可以开着小船来这边转一圈，但都不允许上岸。如果你有兴趣，大可以花上点小钱，在满大街的旅行社里随便找一家，帮忙办个证，就可以名正言顺的随他们去平壤了。我对此倒有些意兴阑珊，最好是纯粹来旅游，口袋再揣上多点儿的钱，那到无妨一去。 丹东是繁华的，对于对岸的新义州百姓来说，甚至是富丽堂皇，虽然他们大部分人此生都没有机会见到这样的景象。要是晚间走在沿江大道上，左手是丹东的灯红酒绿，右手是新义州的冷色萧条，无怪人们都说朝鲜就是解放初期的中国。于此，我想身为中国人还是值得骄傲的。 如果是晴天，那顺着江岸走就更妙了。不用说青山绿水兰黛瓦，不用说碧波浩渺渔船家，光是那纯天然无污染的江风，它直入心扉，除尘驱污，由鼻入肺再贯三鼎，保管你元气大增。可惜今天是个雨天，我穿戴繁琐，头上又压着几斤重的头盔，的确无法感受。虽如此，但所谓山色空蒙雨亦奇，鸭绿江浮游的重重雾气也为单调的江水平添了几分魅惑。 到了一乡村，谓河口村，这里也有一座断桥，游客可以买票走到断桥头。整座桥被人为地卸走了几个墩子，也阻断了朝鲜与中国的通道。我想，会不会，对岸正有一位老人守望着这头的亲人呢？ 我离开河口村，沿着边境小道继续往东北骑行。没走多远，路边竖着一广告牌，上曰：南有千岛湖，北有长丰库。敢情是在夸赞这里头的长丰水库呢。我站在岔道口，思忖再三，还是决定去看一看，既然都大老远跑这儿了，也不难为这几十公里的来回。于是便驱车往山里头赶去。路上有不少地方都泡着山洪，又有不少泥石路，我小心翼翼的走着，生怕又像上次那样栽在了水里头。往山里走了大约十几公里，我远远地望见了一座大坝，心想这就是长丰水库了吧，于是加足马力往山上冲。待车子冲上了山坡，我才发现这是水库的西边，除了一些泥沟沟，就剩下一小坛子水库的角落。我有些不甘心，便弃了车往边上的一座院子走去，可能到了院子的那头就可以看见水库的真面目了。没走几步，从里头窜出一解放军，喝道：站住！上哪儿去？我一见来了个兵，就说上前头看看水库。解放军说这是军事禁区，不让进。我没有办法只好怏怏地按着原路返回了。 顺着丹集公路往前走，离长甸还有几公里的时候，雨开始昏天暗地的往下泼，我心疼后座上的几个驮包。日用品虽然有防水袋包着，但一些没防水袋裹着的东西难免要被淋湿了。果然，到了长甸一加油站，我进去躲雨，才发现油箱包里的地图早已被浸了个透心凉。在加油站添了点汽油，又跟加油的大姐聊了会天，雨还是没停下来的意思，反而下的更加拼命了，似乎是存心跟赶路的人过不去。大姐见我淋得够呛，就劝我在长甸找家小旅店住下，待明日开晴再走不迟。我想了想，也觉得只好如此。 我骑着车绕着长甸转了一圈，只发现路边有三两家家庭旅店，一家叫随缘，一家叫平安，另一家我记不清了。我考虑了一下，认为出门在外平安是最重要的，于是就选择了这一家叫做平安的旅店。单间的房费倒也不贵，二十块钱还捎了个电视机，还挂着一小电扇。面积虽然小了点儿，但能在彷徨的时候找到个温温暖暖的落脚地儿，就相当满足了…… 第十天 雨中的丹东边境从昨天开始，雨就没有停过。早晨起床，雨还是飘洒着。查看了天气预报，雨还得持续到明日才会停下。我已经在丹东城消耗了一天，思量不能再耽搁下去了，于是收拾了行装，出了城往东北方向赶去。沿着鸭绿江一路骑行，很容易就可以望见河对岸的朝鲜民居。扫地的老大爷告诉我，丹东对岸就是朝鲜第二大城市新义州了，你也可以乘着船去江里转一圈，对岸的朝鲜人民也可以开着小船来这边转一圈，但都不允许上岸。如果你有兴趣，大可以花上点小钱，在满大街的旅行社里随便找一家，帮忙办个证，就可以名正言顺的随他们去平壤了。我对此倒有些意兴阑珊，最好是纯粹来旅游，口袋再揣上多点儿的钱，那到无妨一去。这里有两座桥一座是通往朝鲜中朝友谊大桥，另一座是断桥丹东是繁华的，对于对岸的新义州百姓来说，甚至是富丽堂皇，虽然他们大部分人此生都没有机会见到这样的景象。要是晚间走在沿江大道上，左手是丹东的灯红酒绿，右手是新义州的冷色萧条，无怪人们都说朝鲜就是解放初期的中国。于此，我想身为中国人还是值得骄傲的。如果是晴天，那顺着江岸走就更妙了。不用说青山绿水兰黛瓦，不用说碧波浩渺渔船家，光是那纯天然无污染的江风，它直入心扉，除尘驱污，由鼻入肺再贯三鼎，保管你元气大增。可惜今天是个雨天，我穿戴繁琐，头上又压着几斤重的头盔，的确无法感受。虽如此，但所谓山色空蒙雨亦奇，鸭绿江浮游的重重雾气也为单调的江水平添了几分魅惑。 ([]
和朋友换娶妻故事
胡钰雯走进世博会——中国2010年上海世博会介绍（世博系列之一）目 录 前言 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主 3、以往部分世博会简介 二、中国与世界博览会 1、中国与世博会的渊源 2、中国参加世博会的获奖产品 3、新中国参加过的历届世博会 4、中国以往举办的世园会 三、2010年世界博览会（Expo 2010）总体介绍 1、上海世博会申办的过程 2、世博会主 3、会徽 4、吉祥物 5、确认参展的国家和组织 6、上海世博会场地 7、上海世博会园区规划 8、2010年上海世博会门票 9、上海世博会世博轴 10、上海世博会世博公园 11、上海世博会演艺中心 12、上海世博会世博中心 13、上海世博会世博论坛 14、上海世博会网上世博会 15、上海世博会文化演艺活动 16、上海世博会世博村 四、参展展馆 1、上海世博会主馆 2、上海世博会中国国家馆 3、亚洲馆 4、欧洲馆 5、美洲馆 6、非洲馆 7、大洋洲馆 8、其他国际组织馆 9、企业馆 10、上海世博会城市最佳实践区1# 老顽童thtsjy 前 言 2010年是世博年，我们作为本届世博会举办地——上海的市民，愿为世博会尽绵薄之力。为此，我们综合了参观《走进世博会——中国2010年世博会暨世博会历史回顾展览》（在上海展览馆举办）、探访“中国2010年上海世博会展示中心”（位于淮海中路香港新世界大厦三楼）以及收集的有关世博会资料，整理成庚寅年第一帖，奉献给诸位参考。鉴于我们自身文字和拍照水平的局限、收集资料渠道的受限、整理功力的有限，本帖存在诸多不足，恳请各位指教，深表感谢！ 16# zj522522 感谢以上各位支持，祝你们虎年吉祥！ 17# 老顽童thtsjy 一、世界博览会历史 1、世界博览会的由来 在古代农耕社会，人们往往在庆贺丰收、宗教仪式、欢度喜庆的节日里展开交易活动，后来逐渐发展成为定期的、有固定场所的、以物品交换为目的的大型贸易及展示的集会。这就是世博会的最早形式。公元5世纪，波斯举办了第一个超越集市功能的展览会。 18世纪，随着新技术和新产品的不断出现，人们逐渐想到举办与集市相似，但只展不卖，以宣传、展出新产品和成果为目的的展览会。1791年捷克在首都布拉格首次举办了这样的展览会。随着科学技术的进步，社会生产力的发展，展览会的规模也逐步扩大，参展的地域范围从一地扩大到全国，由国内延伸到国外，直至发展成为由许多国家参与的世界性博览会。 26# 老顽童thtsjy 2、历届世博会主办城市、名称和主1851年英国伦敦万国工业产品大博览会1853年美国纽约万国工业产品博览会1855年法国巴黎世界工农业和艺术博览会1862年英国伦敦国际工业和艺术博览会1865年爱尔兰都柏林世界博览会1867年法国巴黎第2届巴黎世界博览会1873年奥地利维也纳世界博览会1876年美国费城美国独立百年展览会1878年法国巴黎第3届巴黎世界博览会1880年澳大利亚墨尔本世界博览会1883年荷兰阿姆斯特丹国际博览会1889年法国巴黎第4届巴黎世界博览会1893年美国芝加哥哥伦布纪念博览会1897年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1900年法国巴黎第5届巴黎世界博览会1904年美国纪念路易斯安娜购置一百周年博览会1905年比利时列日世界博览会1906年意大利米兰世界博览会1908年英国伦敦世界博览会1910年比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会1913年比利时甘特世界博览会1915年美国旧金山巴拿马太平洋博览会1925年法国巴黎国际装饰美术博览会1926年美国费城建国150周年世界博览会1929年西班牙巴塞罗那世界博览会1933年美国芝加哥世界博览会——“一个世纪的进步”1935年比利时布鲁塞尔万国博览会——“通过竞争获取和平”1936年瑞典斯德哥尔摩世界博览会1937年法国巴黎现代生活艺术世界博览会——“现代世界的艺术和技术”1938年芬兰赫尔辛基航空世界博览会1939年比利时国际水资源博览会1939-1940年美国纽约世界博览会——“明日新世界”1939-1940年美国旧金山金门世界博览会1949年瑞典国际体育博览会1949年海地王子港世界博览会1953年以色列耶路撒冷世界博览会1954年意大利航海世界博览会1955年瑞典世界生活艺术博览会1955年意大利都灵国际体育博览会1956年以色列柑橘栽培展览会1957年德国柏林世界博览会1958比利时布鲁塞尔世界博览会——“科学、文明和人性”1961年意大利都灵世界博览会1962年美国西雅图廿一世纪博览——“太空时代的人类”1964-1965年美国纽约世界博览会——“通过理解走向和平”1965年德国慕尼黑交通运输世界博览会1967年加拿大蒙持利尔世界博览会——“人类与世界”1968年美国圣安东尼奥世界博览会——“美洲大陆的文化交流”1970年日本大阪日本世界博览会——“人类的进步与和谐”1971年匈牙利布达佩斯世界狩猎博览会1974年美国斯波坎环境世界博览会——“无污染的进步”1975年日本冲绳国际海洋博览会——“海洋-充满希望的未来”1981年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1982年美国诺克斯维世界能源博览会——“能源-世界的原动力”1984年美国新奥尔良路易西安纳世界博览会——“河流的世界-水乃生命之源”1985年日本筑波万国博览会——“居住与环境人类的家居科技”1985年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1986年加拿大温哥华世界交通与通讯博览会——“交通与运输”1988年澳大利亚布里斯班世界博览会——“科技时代的休闲生活”1990年日本大阪世界博览会——“人类与自然”1991年保加利亚普罗夫迪夫世界博览会1992年西班牙塞维利亚世界博览会——“发现的时代”1992年意大利热那亚世界博览会——“哥伦布-船与海”1993年韩国大田世界博览会——“新的起飞之路”1998年葡萄牙里斯本海洋博览会——“海洋——未来的财富”1999年中国昆明世界博览会——“人与自然，迈向二十一世纪”2000年德国汉诺威世界博览会——“人类-自然-科技-发展”2005年日本爱知爱．地球博——“自然、城市、和谐——生活的艺术”2008年西班牙萨拉戈萨世界博览会2010年中国上海世界博览会——“城市,让生活更美好”2012年韩国丽水世界博览会2015年意大利米兰世界博览会 29# 老顽童thtsjy 3、历届部分世博会简介 水晶宫的魅力——1851年英国伦敦第一届世界博览会纪实 全世界第一场世界博览会——1851年万国工业博览会在英国首都伦敦的海德公园举行，展期是1851年5月1日至10月11日，主要内容是世界文化与工业科技，借此博览会英国在当时展现了工业革命后技冠群雄、傲视全球的辉煌成果。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了首届世博会 19世纪前半叶，欧洲工业革命正如火如荼地进行，科学技术的飞速发展，使人类生活发生了巨大的变化。 在英国，自维多利亚女王登基后，当时的英国在世界工业中一马当先。同时资本的高速聚集和运作，英国也成为当时欧洲金融的中心。这些因素触发了英国将在世界舞台上演绎主角的欲望。 此前，欧洲各国举办工业博览会已不是新鲜事，特别是英国、法国在工业革命的推动下，都举办了多届有影响的工业产品博览会，以此来推广本国的工业生产技术和宣传新产品。频频举办工业博览会使英国萌发了举办一次世界各国参与的博览会。 成立于1754年的英国皇家艺术协会历来承担国家展览会的组织工作，担任皇家艺术协会主席的阿尔伯特亲王具有一种与传统理念所不同的开明思想和创新精神。1849年，艺术协会开始酝酿筹划规模更大的博览会时，阿尔伯特提出“博览会必须是国际性的、展品要有外国产品参加”的设想，要求能在伦敦海德公园中找到最好的展览场地，以举办一届规模宏大的世界博览会。 “天时、地利、人和”催发了第一届世博会在英国诞生。 确立规则，女王广邀宾客 1849年6月30日，一次历史性的会议在白金汉宫召开，参加者有皇家艺术协会成员、全国博览会组委会成员、建筑公司成员和阿尔伯特亲王。会议作出了7项重要决定：1、世博会展品分为四个大类：原材料、机械、工业制品和雕塑作品；2、将建一幢特别临时建筑作为世博会展厅；3、举办场地选在海德公园南侧；4、博览会将是国际性的，由国家发出参展邀请；5、组委会将提供大量奖金以鼓励参展者；6、将成立一个皇家委员会来主办世博会；7、世博会财政集资由艺术家协会负责。 会议之后，组委会立即起草并提交给政府关于成立世博会皇家委员会的申请。组委会成员到英格兰、苏格兰和爱尔兰的65个城镇和法国等一些欧洲国家进行了游说，动员参展。 1849年10月17日，组委会举行了一次大规模的公共会议，向伦敦市最有影响力的商人和银行家描述了世博会的整个计划。艺术协会的项目融资也有了进展，25万英镑的保证金解决了财务问。很快，议会两院也以多数票同意在海德公园内举行博览会。 1850年1月3日，世博会皇家委员会成立。随后，维多利亚女王便以国家名义向世界各国发出世博会参展邀请。 31# 老顽童thtsjy 一个方案拯救了首届世博会 世博会的筹备工作开局颇为顺利，但是困难却是接踵而来。一是时间紧，距世博会开幕仅有一年半，具体工作尚未启动；二是集资困难，运作资金尚有很大缺口；三是社会上有大量意见反对使用海德公园举办世博会，因为建造展馆将会破坏树林和环境。但最大的麻烦是世博会展馆的设计与建造问。 1849年底成立的世博会建筑委员会立即向各国发出展馆设计的邀请。尽管方案征集仅有三个星期，但委员会仍收到245个方案，却没有一个获胜者。因为所有方案都是古典、永久性的建筑形式。这不仅使阿尔伯特等陷入困境，甚至有导致世博会流产的危险。 正在皇家委员会一筹莫展时，一个不经意的方案不仅成功地挽救了世博会，更是成为人类历史上的里程碑作品，甚至建筑物作品的本身成为了第一届世博会最成功的展品。这便是园艺工约瑟夫·帕克斯顿和他的创作“水晶宫”。 意外发现睡莲化作“水晶宫” 1837年，一位英国探险家在圭亚那发现美丽的王莲，便采集种子带回英国交给查丝华斯庄园首席园艺师约瑟夫·帕克斯顿(Joseph Paxton)种植。三个月后，王莲长出11片巨大的叶子和开出美丽的花朵。帕克斯顿将花以维多利亚命名王莲Victoria amazonica Sowerby（Royal Water Lily,Amazon Water-platter），并作为礼物送给了维多利亚女王。自此他与阿尔伯特亲王相识并成为挚友。 王莲越长越大。有一天他把7岁的小女儿抱在其中一片叶子上观赏花朵，水上飘逸的绿叶居然轻而易举地承担起她的体重。帕克斯顿翻开叶子观察其背面，只见粗壮的径脉纵横呈环形交错，构成既美观又可以负担巨大的承重力的整体。这个发现顿时给了他灵感，一种新的建筑理念在脑中形成。不久他在为王莲建造查丝华斯温室时，用铁栏和木制拱胁为结构、玻璃为墙面，首创了新颖的温室。该建筑除了简洁明快的功能外，建筑构件可以预先制造，不同构件可以根据建筑大小需要组合装配，这样的建筑成本低廉，施工快捷。 帕克斯顿听说了在海德公园建造展览场馆之事，立即毛遂自荐愿意提供他的建筑方案。 帕克斯顿的设计方案在众人的关注下最终被敲定，记者Douglas Jerrold在报上将它称之为“水晶宫”，这个名称一直流传至今。1850年9月26日，水晶宫奠基。6个月不到就竣工了。 整幢建筑是现代化大规模工业生产技术的结晶。 38# 老顽童thtsjy 博览盛会，创造历史 水晶宫建造的同时，组委会挑选和收集各类展品的工作进展加快。博览会共有18000个参加商，提供了10万多件展品。 组委会另设特别评选委员会对展品评选，评出5084奖项，其中外国人获得3045项。 1851年5月1日早上9时，水晶宫开门接纳来参加开幕式的客人。50多万人聚集在海德公园四周。11时30分，9驾皇家马车列队离开了白金汉宫前往海德公园参加世博会开幕大典，12时的钟声敲响，在“哈利路亚”乐曲声中，王室和他们的随行人员进入展览宫。 水晶宫内挂满万国彩旗，参观人流摩肩接踵，各种工艺品、艺术雕塑琳琅满目、目不暇接。人们惊奇地观看来自不同国家的发明、珍奇和不同产品。 参观者最感兴趣的是不同的机器发明。人们目瞪口呆地看着开槽机，钻孔机，拉线机，纺纱机，造币机，抽水机等各种机器工作，让人领悟到工业革命给世界带来的变化。 当然，最受赞誉的还是水晶宫，这座原本是为世博会展品提供展示的场馆却成了第一届世博会中最成功的作品和展品。水晶宫成为世博会的志。水晶宫成就了世博会的举办，世博会的成功又为世界上第一次聚集众多国家，为了一个和平的目的交流不同文化、科技成果开创了先例。 1851年共有6039195人次参观了首届世博会。 同年10月14日伦敦世博会举行了闭幕式，世博会圆满结束，并获得了186437英镑的利润。 世博会结束后水晶宫移至伦敦南部的西得汉姆，并以更大的规模重新建造，1854年6月10日由维多利亚女王主持向公众开放。它作为伦敦的娱乐中心存在了82年。1936年11月30日晚上6点，中央大厅员工厕所突然着火，大火烧遍了整幢建筑。水晶宫的焚毁宣告了辉煌的维多利亚时代结束。 43# 老顽童thtsjy 1853年美国纽约世博会 1853年的世博会在美国纽约举办，主办者效仿英国也用钢铁和玻璃建造了一个大型展馆，同样称之为“水晶宫”，但规模却小得多，仅及英国的三分之一。 45# 老顽童thtsjy 46# 老顽童thtsjy 胜家缝纫机公司（Singer）是美国第一家成功的跨国公司，其主打产品——缝纫机被誉为继农用锄具发明之后的又一伟大发明，并被称为“世界上最著名的机械”。1853年纽约世博会上展出的胜家缝纫机已具备以后一百多年间的家用缝纫机的基本功能。 47# 老顽童thtsjy 48# 老顽童thtsjy 1852年，奥的斯发明了动力上升梯子的安全装置，并在1853年纽约世博会上演示其发明。现代电梯仍使用奥的斯当年的发明创造。 52# 老顽童thtsjy 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会 1865年爱尔兰都柏林世博会上，一种起源于古罗马、风行于16世纪欧洲宫廷、而为爱尔兰妇女所钟爱的蕾丝作品，以其华美典丽而令人炫目，并由此推广成为平民女子的美丽服饰。 54# 老顽童thtsjy 1867年巴黎世博会 1867年在法国巴黎举办的世博会，已经具备了现代世博会的雏形。主展馆为490X380米的巨大橄圆形建筑，中心为公园，四周为展厅，16条通道分割展区，给各参展国设计自己独立的展馆。 57# 老顽童thtsjy 蓝色的多瑙河——记1873年维也纳世博会 世博会的举办与规划 十九世纪中后期，通过举办世博会来提高国家地位，已被许多国家认同和追逐。1870年，奥地利政府为将首都维也纳推进到世界先进城市行列，同时也为清除1866年普奥战争失败后的笼罩在城市上空的阴霾，向世界宣布：举办1873年维也纳世界博览会，主为纪念约瑟夫一世执政25周年。 世博会举办地选择在风光秀丽的多瑙河边，这条河随着几年前施特劳斯著名的圆舞曲《蓝色的多瑙河》而名声鹊起。维也纳中央公园被选作博览会会场，面积达233公倾。维也纳市政当局想利用举办世博会的时机，对旧城区建筑大举实施改造，拆去城壁，打通市中心与郊外的联系，多瑙河也在整改范围之列，涉及水道绵延半英里，拓展河道工程产生的50万立方的砂砾被用于世博会会址之用。整个工程规划由建筑师凯利·哈森那根据意大利文艺复兴时期的风格设计。由于前几届世博会的启示，维也纳世博会的组织者已开始注重建筑的功能与美观结合，强调建筑的整体魅力。设计中的宏伟庞大的主建筑群——工业宫，面积达7万平方米,工业宫建筑结构合理，长907米,宽206米。中央与园顶大厅相连,两侧留有宽25米主廊，主廊与长145米、宽15米的侧廊相交。侧廊之间有多个宽45米,长75米庭院,所有建筑均建有屋顶，观众入口装饰处建造了凯旋门和不同历史风格的大门。工业宫建筑开创了世博会历史中建造大型联体展览建筑物的先列。 60# 老顽童thtsjy 世界第八大奇观——圆顶大厅罗托纳达 维也纳世博会上建筑亮点是由斯各特·罗素设计的工业宫中央圆顶大厅罗托纳达。罗素曾担任1851年伦敦世博会参展委员会的秘书。该大厅设计显然受到了1851年世博会“官方”建筑计划书的启发，风格极其相同。 罗托纳达圆形大厅，顶高83米,直径约110米,成为当时世界上最大的圆顶大厅建筑，比罗马的圣·皮耶尔大教堂的48米圆顶和伦敦的圣保罗大教堂37米圆顶确实大了许多。圆形大厅的结构也是用金属制作，建设周期仅18个月,时间之短在当时令人难以置信。建筑被称之为世界第八大奇观。圆形大厅其锥形屋顶由32根粗大的柱子支撑，圆顶之上有一个直径为28米的穹隆塔顶，再上面是一个直径为7米的小型穹隆灯塔，最高处是一个奥地利皇冠的巨大复制品，由皇冠珠宝的仿制品装饰。 这个巨大的园顶建筑物引起了轰动效应，也倾倒了观众。世博会期间共有206270位参观者踏着台阶登到圆顶皇冠处，饱览维也纳城市的迷人景色并为壮观的建筑而荣耀。 整个博览会除工业宫建筑群外，还有机械厅、美术馆、园艺馆等新建190多幢建筑，整个世博会把现实和艺术，现代和古老，东方和西方不同建筑元素和谐地融为一体。 64# 老顽童thtsjy 布展独特展品丰富 建筑群内的中央广场呈东西走向，圆形大厅中央安放着土耳其苏丹二赠送的美丽装饰喷泉。四周由回廊环绕，陈列各国展品。维也纳世博会组织者，为了使展品分类越加合理，将展品分成26种，分类数增加到162个,其目的是“将创造发明、工业化生产与人类教育、生活品味和生活质量的发展相适应”。 16个展示厅内布局根据国家位置而设计展示体系，每个国家的展品都靠着其地理上的邻国，所以只要观赏了不同国家的展品，就可以获知基本的世界地理知识。 奥地利展品中给人印象比较深的是一副刻画政治家在普法战争中形象的象牙棋子和一颗重达8吨、长50英尺放置在水银池中的巨型炮弹，使人想起1866年那场不幸的那场战争。 埃及展示了世界注目的苏伊士运河工程模型。埃及政府把设计展区的任务委托给了一批德国的著名埃及史研究专家。他们在设计中将四年前刚开始动工的工程建筑与埃及风光、风情巧妙结合，把埃及的地理、历史和社会进程关系完美的展示给观众。 瑞典提供了一个模范学校的教育展示，从教室的课桌设计到学生教材丛书和办学规划，让观众了解公共教育的重要性。 维也纳世博会主办者强调发明和设计理念：科学和艺术，工业和手艺、过去和将来之间，需在美感和实用性的大前提下具有审美价值，构建完美的和谐关系。文化艺术类展品则显示了主办国-维也纳城市特有的强项。 世博会中，奥地利为维也纳城市设计了专展览，展览以丰富多样的形式，详细阐述了建成于罗马时代的维也纳城市中城堡、宫殿、街道、广场和著名建筑物的历史故事。该展览最令人激动的是节日欢庆和比赛活动部分，每天的露天音乐会，由约翰.施特劳斯指挥管弦乐队演奏不同圆舞曲和圣歌，当然最受欢迎的便是“蓝色的多瑙河”，因为只有在音乐之都-维也纳，在美丽的多瑙河边，在世博会特有欢乐的氛围中聆听施特劳斯亲自演绎的“蓝色的多瑙河”，才能真正体验和感受到艺术家的真情和艺术作品的魅力所在。 维也纳世博会中有两个艺术展馆展示来自世界各地的艺术珍品。法国、俄罗斯提供了众多的名家绘画作品。维也纳画家汉斯麦卡特画成的那幅长17米宽4米的巨作，尤其受人瞩目。 古典艺术品中有希腊、意大利送来的大理石雕像，其中有帕台农圣庙的复制品和米洛的维纳斯雕像，据说当时维纳斯的双手还在。 维也纳世博会于1873年5月1日开幕，11月2日闭幕，共有35个国家、4万多参展商应邀参加，仅有725万人次参观了世博会。最后财务的统计表明，世博会的总投资956万美元，但收益仅是其开支的六分之一，被认为是19世纪重大的财政失败例子之一。 维也纳世博会结束后，工业宫部分建筑群成为了维也纳玉米交易所，机器厅等被专门划出用于北方铁路货物和谷物储存中心。但是工业宫建筑和著名的圆顶建筑也同许多历史上世博会建筑一样，遭遇了悲惨的命运，它被1937年的一场大火摧毁。 66# 老顽童thtsjy 1876年费城世博会 1876年的美国费城世博会是一次重要的博览会，这是一届为庆祝美国建国百年而举办的世博会。费城的费尔蒙特公园，是世界上最大的城市公园，也是1876年世博会会址。 68# 老顽童thtsjy 自由女神像是法国赠送给美国的礼物。为参加费城世博会庆典，就将已完成了的自由女神像手臂和火炬先送去。直到1886年，自由女神像才在美国纽约安装完毕。 70# 老顽童thtsjy 爱迪生是19世纪最伟大的发明家，他的许多发明都曾在早期世博会上展出。 73# 老顽童thtsjy 就在这一年，贝尔博士发明了世界第一部电话，立即送到了博览会上展出，也是在这一年，中国第一条铁路在吴淞至上海开通。 75# 老顽童thtsjy 1878年法国巴黎世博会 爱迪生发明的话筒、留声机等在本届世博会上展出。 78# 老顽童thtsjy 永远的埃菲尔铁塔——1889年巴黎世博会的产物 铁塔的由来 1884年11月8日,法国下院议会做出决定：1889年5月3日至11月6日，法国巴黎将举办第三届世博会。主：庆祝法国大革命胜利100周年。 1886年5月，世博会组委会组织博览会的规划设计招。中者中有设计师古斯塔夫·埃菲尔。埃菲尔建议世博会场地放在巴黎火星广场和托罗卡德罗地区，展览面积100公顷。他在规划中创意建造一座300米高的志性建筑塔。 世博会的组织者们更是兴奋地建议：百年盛会中建造的志性高塔建筑，必须征集到大师们的作品，因为只有大师蕴涵的艺术天赋作品才能完美体现法国崇尚文化，独具和无可争议的优势。 招的结果是收到了1000份极富创意的方案，其中花样百出。如，设计一座巨大的断头台以象征帝国的死亡。设计一座350米的金字塔，塔上雕刻有英雄雕像和浮雕以描述大革命的主要事件等等。 但是，最“异想天开”的设计，还是来自年轻的设计师，古斯塔夫.埃菲尔的金属拱门塔方案。埃菲尔创意：“建造一座新颖的金属凯旋拱门来为现代科学和法国工业增光。这座拱门会给人独特的印象，也会超过历史上各种凯旋门形式。” 组委会委员、市政当局经比较和讨论，最终埃菲尔的铁塔门方案获得批准，当时新闻界大多数人也都对此方案表示欢迎。不过，所有人并没有料到，他们通过的这个方案成就了世博会历史上最激动人心的作品，也使1889年的世博会成为了经典。 80# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔设计和建造 古斯塔夫-埃菲尔，1832年生于第戎，中学毕业后，他到巴黎中央大学求学。他在设计建造波尔多的杜罗河桥时，由于解决了桥梁支柱的稳定性的难而初露峰芒。很快，他又参与设计在美国纽约“自由女神”像，因内部复杂的结构而名杨四海。通过一个个大胆创新的建筑项目中，年轻的埃菲尔的才能很快得到了充分展示。 埃菲尔在方案通过后，在40个助手帮助下，绘制了5300幅工程图，涉及到建筑18038个部位。 1886年11月5日，法国贸易部长批准了埃菲尔团队提交的最后方案。并提供其预算2750万法郎中五分之一的资金。埃菲尔抵押了他的公司并设法筹足剩余五分之四的资金。 1887年1月铁塔正式开工，整个工地成了一个巨大的钢铁加工厂，每段钢材都在工厂里依照严密的计算，根据图纸精确制造，然后又严格检验、编号、并按图纸进行组装。高塔建造时现场并没有什么辅助脚架,全靠精密的计算和严密的管理，一根根沉重的钢材凭借手动液压装置精确顶到位置，再由人工用一个个烧红的铆钉，挥舞着铁锥一锤一锤加以铆接固定。铁塔用去15000根钢铁材料，二百五十万个铆钉，整座塔楼在水泥混凝土加固的底座上矗立。工程在28个月工期里，始终体现着严格而科学的秩序。 82# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔引发的争议 埃菲尔自设计铁塔开始，面对的不仅是创新的技术难，还有因铁塔而引发的一场社会争议。因为，他的“通天塔”不仅激发了人们浓厚的好奇心，也产生了巨大的困惑。巴黎杰出的哥特建筑学派专家认为从数学角度考虑建造铁塔是不可能的。而最大的反对意见来自于巴黎的文学艺术家们。以著名作家盖.德.莫泊桑为首的47位著名人士发起了一项反对铁塔名活动，名的备忘录提交给巴黎政府并在报纸上公开发表。 反对和争议没有阻止建筑的进程，埃菲尔面对各种压力，始终沉着冷静，他认为铁塔一定会成功，他坚信建造铁塔将是完成一座人类理想的丰碑。 铁塔在塞纳河边渐渐升高，反对的意见逐步减少。人们开始冷静地看待铁塔，并对它的整体进行评估：大胆独创的铁塔，新颖别致的造型，直冲天穹的力量，张扬中却又充溢着浪漫的轻盈。这一切不又体现了法兰西民族独有的创造和创新的精神吗？ 84# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔建造成功 1889年3月31日星期日，铁塔主建筑完工，埃菲尔与一些世博会高官一起登上了塔顶，并发射了21发礼炮以示庆祝。埃菲尔升起法国三色国旗并骄傲的宣告“现在，世界上只有法国国旗能飘扬在300米的高空”。 艾菲尔铁塔，这个曾被嘲笑为“悲剧式的蜡烛台”，“可怕的钢材堆”“巨大的工业烟囱”为法国1889年巴黎世博会带来激情和滚滚财源。 艾菲尔与巴黎政府的铁塔合约在1889年5月起开始回报，根据合同条款，20年中，铁塔收益归艾菲尔所有，铁塔就象一个金矿，这个金矿给艾菲尔带来了极大的效益。 当20年后，铁塔移交给巴黎市，艾菲尔和巴黎市政府并没有料到，铁塔的收益会不断延续，在一个世纪后，铁塔仍然游人如织。 86# 老顽童thtsjy 世博会时的铁塔 1889年5月6日，随着埃菲尔铁塔上一声炮响，世博会正式开放，会期每天早晨铁塔上的炮声和晚上铁塔的灯光不仅成为世博会的景观，更是成为巴黎都市浪漫生活的组成。由于采用了电灯照明技术，这也成为第一次晚上也开放的世博会。 1889年世博会期间，登塔成为参观的主要目的和时髦，共有2百万人在会期参观了铁塔。 埃菲尔铁塔有三层：第一层为57.63米，设不同的餐厅；第二层115.73米，设不同的办公室，特别是费加罗报的办公室，负责为参观者办理登塔证书；第三层276.13米，是服务区、气象台，实验室（物理，气象，生物）和艾菲尔的办公室，一般不对游人开放。 埃菲尔铁塔有一部电梯，每次可容纳100人，斜升到57米高一层，另外一部可载50人的垂直电梯，开到115米高。电梯每小时可供2400人用。参观人也可以通过1792级楼梯徒步登塔，到顶层鸟瞰巴黎全景。 1886年，本茨制成世界上第一辆三轮内燃机汽车。1889年，本茨亲自驾驶着汽车在展示，大受欢迎，也预示人类的汽车时代已经到来。 1889年11月6日，法国卡尔诺总统主持了的盛大的世博会闭幕仪式，世博会明星爱迪生用新近发明的留声机，以播放埃菲尔宣布闭幕的声音作为博览会闭幕节目。 88# 老顽童thtsjy 铁塔的精神 1923年埃菲尔去世时，他的铁塔仍是世界上最高的建筑物，这一记录一直保持到1930年纽约克莱斯勒大厦建成，它比埃菲尔铁塔仅高出几米。 100多年来，埃菲尔铁塔历经风雨，屹立在塞纳河边，并成为巴黎城市的组成部分。百岁铁塔并没有因时间推移而失去代表时尚的美名，它那高耸、浪漫的丰韵成为了法国的志。它凝聚着崇尚创新的法兰西民族精神，它张扬着近代科学文明的威力，它彰显着巴黎城市无穷的文化魅力。 当然，人们也不会忘记伟大的世界博览会，正是这样的一个创造、创新的舞台造就不朽的埃菲尔先生和永远的埃菲尔铁塔。 90# 老顽童thtsjy 1893年美国芝加哥世博会 而今我们日常生活中离不开的拉链是由美国工程师Whitcomb L Judson发明并在1893年芝加哥世博会上亮相。 ([]
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王俊纶Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangMr YANG Liusong, a Chinese who just finished the first solo traverse over Chang Tang by cycling from west to east in recorded human history, shared his stunning Expedition with all of us through the forum 8264 https//bbs.8264.com/thread-512349-1-1.html . In order to share his legendary journey with those who cannot read Chinese, I translate his story to English here, which has been approved by Mr YANG Liusong. Hope you guys enjoy it.为了让杨同学的传奇能让全世界的驴友分享，俺决定把杨同学的帖子翻译成英文。为了避免麻烦，俺先来个免责声明：1。杨同学不认识俺，也没有授权俺，如果他说不要翻译了那俺就随时终止；2。俺没有商业目的，译版版权归杨同学，俺啥也不要，也不承担法律责任；3。没有杨同学授权，不敢擅自发在国外网站，发在原帖处，荣誉归8264；4。俺英语水平有限，欢迎指正，欢迎转贴。 Northern Wilderness, Solo Traverse of the Great Chang TangBy Yang LiusongIt has been three months since I traversed the unpopulated region in the Great Chang Tang. There are many like-minded asking me about it. I now present this thread to briefly tell everybody about my journey.The starting point of this traverse was from the highest peak of the western part of the Tibetan plateau, Jieshan Daban, and the day was April 20, 2010.I was heading eastward passing Bungdag Co, Yanghu Co, Rola Co, and Kangzhagri Mountain, which crossed over the desolate region from west to east. The journey continued northward to enter the unpopulated area of Altun Mountains, through Hoh Xil Mountains, Kunlun Mountains, Whale lake, ..., finally met some people by the Aqqikkol Hu and then arrived in Huatugou by vehicle three days later and that day was July 5. It had been 77 days in total. I had been all alone 74 days after leaving Jieshan Daban until arriving inAqqikkol Hu, which was about 1400km and about four months.[The Great Chang Tang] In Tibetan, "Chang Tang" means northern empty wilderness while narrowly, means unpopulated region in northern part of Tibet. However, it actually indiCATes all of the no man's land in northern. The great Chang Tang includes desolate places in Northern Tibet, Hoh Xil, Alun Mountains, and Kunlun Mountains, which are interconnected to form the unique and super empty wilderness in the world. Only because Hoh Xil is the most known name, most people just think this vast land is equivalent to Hoh Xil. In reality, Hoh Xil is only a small piece of the Great Chang Tang both administratively and geologically. The Great Chang Tang, the last land to chase your freedom and dream.The route that I traversed ForeplayI arrived in Tibet in the early March, a couple of troubles bothered me. The brand new plug got its positive and negative wrongly connected; the rivets of my rucksack eASIly got broken from now and again; and a multi-functional charger got damaged and so on. Riding my bike to Ngari for warming up of this journey, lost my rucksack but later got it back; lost my camera bag and got it back later again, and finally lost a big bicycle pannier in the street of Gyangze town under the eyes of police, including clothes, solar panel and so on.Without much choice, I returned to Lhasa to adjust all the stuff I would need in the wilderness. Then I begged some luck by going to Nyingchi to enjoy the blossoms of peach trees and to take a hot spring bath. I even had the privilege to enjoy time with ten girls in the hot spring. I felt my bad luck had all gone and then returned to Lhasa again to prepare going to Ngari. I did not expect that I was cheated on by some hustler and lost some money and delayed my schedule for a week. I had to find a car myself quickly to Nagri. However, I lost the tool for fast-parting my rear wheel on my way to Nagri, where was a remote area in Tibet and nowhere to buy the tool. Even if there was one in Lhasa it would take at least ten days for a special delivery service. I was lucky that my mate Duola asked a driver to bring the tool for me from Lhasa. I thought there should be no more nightmare like this but the nozzle of my brand new multi-fuel stove was broken. The next day I tried everywhere to weld them back together. The first three shops could not do the welding for copper. The fourth one said they could do it but could not guarantee a sUCCess. The engineer said it would be ten Chinese yuans if it was a success. I agreed. Just in seconds, my nozzle became crap in a flash of lightening. I was so upset. Again, Duola helped me by bringing her own MSR oil stove and Dingding's sleeping bag to Nagri. That was already April 16 and I did not have much time to waste. The following day I found a vehicle heading to Jieshan Daban.The sand storm over Yarlung Zangbo RiverA lonely peach tree blossoming in Yarlung Zangbo Grand CanyonNatural hot spring in wild, me singing and drinking (photo by a friend of mine) Day 1(April 20), 16km, Camping 5192mIt was a truck with a full load of iron wastes, arriving in Jieshan Daban at 6'o clock in the morning. It was still night and extremely cold and dark. Driver was not bothered to pop his head out of the driving cab. I climbed up on the top of the iron wastes, taking my bicycle down. In a hurry, I punched my old water bag. Fortunately I had another MSR water bag given by a friend of mine otherwise I would definitely fail without even starting my journey. For the first time for me to set up the brand new tent in strong, cold winds. It would be impossible to do so if the tent was not a whole piece. Extremely cold outside, about -15C, might be lower than that, I put my head into the sleeping bag but was nearly suffocated to death, honestly. The smell of Dingding's sleeping bag was, lol, so extraordinary. I woke up around 11 o'clock. There were still strong winds outside so that I had to use my bodyweight to keep the tent in place. At the time when I just started to cook and eat, four patrolling soldiers approached me. To their surprise someone, in this season, camped in Jieshan Daban. I was so nervous and afraid they were the people to block my journey because I was caught and deported from the desolate land last year. Luckily the four soldiers did not know my destination and were very kind to me. After they left, I immediately packed my stuff and pushed my bike into the depths of the unpopulated area just in case anything unexpected happened.The bike was very heavy due to the provisions and hard to control. There was even a quite small hill that I had to remove my bike panniers to get over it. This really struck me because this happened even the path was still the hardship one at the moment and I could not imagine what I would do once I entered the uncertain, endless wilderness. Until now I had not met anyone, even the nomadic pastoralists. I remembered there were quite a few of them roaming at the edge of the northern Tibetan plateau last year. All of these indicated it was not the good pasture season in such low temperature and strong winds. Around 16km there was a sheep cote, where I passed it last year, east of Lungmu Co. I was exhausted at this point so that I decided to camp in here and to rest my head. After arranging tent everything I went out to look for the wetland discovered by Duola and Liumeng last year. I was determined to find it.There were many hot springs in the wetland which were underground water with a constant temperature. The wetland therefore became an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such harsh weather, which was the very unique land feature of terrain in this over 5200m highland.Perpetual snow in the valley blown to corn shape by strong windsThis wetland was discovered by Duola and Liumeng. The workers at a nearby mine did not know it and I too missed it last yearUnderground water with a constant temperature, an ideal habitat for some fishes and weeds under such icy weather 感谢大伙儿支持和加分，不一一回复了。特别感谢多啦，希望能有机会一起喝酒吃肉。 Day 2 (April 21), 0km, Camping5192mBlustering gale all night, up and down like ocean waves. The next day rather than continuing to travel, I stayed inside the sheep cote, hesitating and pondering over. Indeed, there were so many problems before this journey;I did not have sufficient physical preparation;the load had already reached its limitation; I still coughed a lot;the weather was so extreme and cold. All in all, I did not think this journey was well prepared and I did not have confidence in completing this journey mentally and physically. To do, or not to do, it was the question. Similarly I did not have confidence in my facilities, not knowing whether all of them would work functionally or not. The fact was one of the rivets got broken again and the front rack came loose. In the afternoon, I replaced all the rivets of the panniers with screws I had prepared before. This was an excellent job I had done which gave me no further troubles throughout my whole journey. I also re-adjusted the front rack. However I did not think it would definitely all right because I did not have a tool to do it. When the darkness descended,I made up my mind to continue my journey, which, of course, was not beyond any imagination. Orchid-like weedsSmall springs everywhere, clear and chillyA thin layer of ice covering the fresh spring water The sheep cote, it was the door under the sleeping bag, which was in the same place as last year, everything looked like yesterdayThe wetland at duskLungmu Co at dusk. You could hear the gigantic sound of wind if the picture had a sound Day 3 (April 22), 52.4km, Camping 5145mGot up in the morning, could not put everything into the bags. Without much choice I had to throw away three portions of tsampa, elbow pads, and crampons. Following the road of the lead-zinicmine I found the side path to enter the wilderness, which was on the riverbed and very hard to see. I missed this side path last year so that I had to take a short cut into the wilderness directly then. That was why I had taken extra care to find the side path. The following journey was to get over a big hill, which lay 5275m above sea level and was the highest point of my whole journey. Around 2 o'clock in the afternoon, I passed the side path leading to Orba Co and started a journey which was complete strange to me. I ate a piece of pilot breads, which was frozen like rocks so that I had to use my spade to crush it. At 6 o'clock in the evening, I had pushed plus rode my bicycle for about 32 km. I reckoned I should have been able to double this if I did no carry such heavy load. The wind became stronger and stronger. I opened the parasail kits and tested it. The result was far beyond what I expected. With the aid of the strong wind I was just like flying over the wilderness. After 8 o'clock in the evening, I started to observe the water Source and to get ready to camp. Map showed there were successive springs along the path and assembled to puddles. But I had overestimated the water source here in this land and in this season there were endless wilderness inside the valley, where I could not see a single drop of water. As it became darker and darker, I felt a little bit nervous which resulted in three spokes of the parasail broken and became a useless rubbish. Anyway, it helped me to move forward 20km more which benefited me a lot later on. When time approached 9.30 pm, it was almost completely dark. I had to lie my bike on the ground and went on to try to find water on the north side of the valley. This was a wide and flat sandy land, where I could not see any ditches there and further was complete darkness. I returned to get my GPS to look up the contours and found the south part of the valley was closer to a hill so I took the way. Finally I found a piece of ice in a ditch. I smashed about 20litre of ice. The ice was quite shallow scattered with sheep poo. On my way back, my eyes were hurt by strong winds, which got me a couple of days to recover. It was nearly 23 o'clock after I set up the tent. It also took about 40 mins to melt the ice. I was so tired and my appetite was completely spoiled. I then had a little bit of milk. I had never expected thing would go like this, it was so distressing. Streams along the path, ice everywhereThe river flew into Matou Hu, in whose north part there was a satellite lake, a wonderful ice-skating court It took 40mins to melt the ice in midnight Day 4 (April 23), 31km, Camping 5028mA cloudy day with gusts. From now and again, hails chased me from behind. Sunny spell. Heavy sandy land made me have to push my bike. At 3pm, I arrived at Luxing Hu, where there was a house made of clay. This was the last permanent building of my journey. Last year, Duola and Liumeng once lived in this house for three days without meeting anybody. It seemed it was the same but the truck parking in front of the house made me worry about. I went to the sheep cote first to check over, where there were only a few lambs following me everywhere I went later on. This made me feel warm in my heart. I observed farther places using my binoculars but could not see any people or sheeps. After making sure there were no people around I opened the locked door using a screwdriver. The living room was very clean. There were two boxes of beverages on the ground and a string of cured lamb legs hanging over in the interior room. A pot of water was on the top of the stove, lukewarm, which indicated the host must be not far away from his home. I filled up my water bag and left the house. I also put the screws back to the door in order not to leave any trace of my visiting. I then took a spanner from the toolbox of the truck, which gave me great help for the rest of the journey.I left the house as quickly as possible. After last year's experience, the nomadic pastoralists were the last people I wanted to meet. A few hundred meters away from the house, the vehicle traces were fading fast. Even downhill, I had to push rather than to ride because of the heavy loose sand. From the route point of view, only after Luxing Hu it was the real unpopulated land. After many days, I thought of the lamb legs from time to time. It was pity that I then had plenty of provisions and the bike was too heavy to carry anything more. Continue to melt the ice under the morning sunshine, all of the sheep poo had been removed carefullyCamping site, the little hill over there was the place where I got the ice last nightThe house by the Luxing Hu, empty, the last permanent building I saw throughout my journeyDay 5 (April 24), 19.8km, Camping 4951mSet off at 10.30 in the morning, the weather was similar to yesterday. Probably this road was the high plain or somewhere the wind passed so that it was so windy. The average wind speed was degree 6 but could reach degree 9 in the blick of an eye. The road was still full of sand and very heavy to walk on it. My eyes became worse under such harsh weather. About three o'clock in the afternoon, I saw something in my right, looked like antenna. I went closer to see what it was and found out it was an iron tower (the triangulation station). In 1970s, a joint team from Chinese three military regiments entered this area doing research. They have left a lot of triangulation stations and benchmarks, which I had the priviledge to see them today.At dusk, I approached to a spring by the Bungdag Co, which flew into the frozon lake. The sand and soil, brought by the strong wind, scattered on the surface of the ice all over the lake. There were so many cracks around the icey surface of the lake. I geussed it must be caused by the springs under the water rather than by melted ice. In the west of the Bungdag Co was the side path leading to Keriya Pass, where a SUV could reach directly. I had looked out any vehicle Tracks but failed. The cloudy sky started to snow. I set up the tent comfortably because I knew that I was safe having such a sweet spring beside me.Triangulation station erected by scientists from the joint research team on Chang Tang of three military regiments in 1971[size=+0]The gap between water and ice in Bungdag Co, I guessed there must be some springs under the lakeThe storm just above the ground, a chaotic darkness[size=+0]Icy Bungdag Co,one of the four biggest lakes in Northern Tibet, wild ducks flying over this vastness and lonenessSnowing at any time, should not happen so frequently like this in this seasonDay 6 (April 25), 4.3km, Camping 5002mWeathering landforms everywhere around this area. Spongy volcanic rocks could be found easily. I pushed my bike turning around a small hill, seeing a big river, the Yinshui He, flowing from Orba Co into Bungdag Co, which I had been to its upstream last year. It was also a passage for animal migration. The downstream of the river was extremely wide and broad. The thickess of the ice layer could reach one meter with the main stem in the middle course of the river, very deep. There were a few springs along the river, sweet and clear.I only went forward a little bit more than 4km but I had walked more than 20km for finding my way. It was not possible to cross the main stem, let alone the north bank of Bungdad Co. What I could only do was to try to find a shallow place to cross. But the southern area was a even larger piece of wetland and forced the road turn towards west. I spent a couple of hours but failed to find a good point to cross the river. In the afternoon, I decided to follow the edge of the wetland. When I reached the hill foot, the wetland finally disappeared. Around this area, there were clearly volcanic feature of terrain and I even found traces of pasturing and cairns made from volcanic rock.Here was the last pasturing trace I found throughout my journey, I guessed it was a summer pasture area. After this, there was no clear sign of human activities in this vast wilderness. I had been looking for my ways until it was dark. I made up my mind where to go TOMOrrow. The terrain here looked like Yardang landforms, as well as volcanic landforms The Yinshui He river from Orba CoSprings scattered all over the river bank, painted green by lovely algaeThe river was very deep. The mixture of green and amber colour showed the sand and mud carried by the melted iceThick layer of ice, sunken surface caused by strong gustsThe south course of the Yinshui He, countless small streams. To the right was the wetlandLooking for ways in the east, a trace of pasturing and the cairn made from spongy volcanic rocksMy camp, opposite to the hillDay 7 (April 26), 11km, Camping 5009mI moved forward to the direction I found yesterday, turning around the wetland and walking toward east. At 2pm, I was blocked by the zigzag Yinshui He again and I had no choice but to cross it. The river was about 700m wide, covered by ice which appeared very different. The hanging ice, the folding ice, the piling-up ice, the icy puddle, and the sleet were everywhere along the river bank. Having noticed all of these, I reckoned the river would be receding at dusk, which was why there were so many different shapes and forms of ice. I put my slipper on, going into the main stream of the river. I found there were at least three different courses of the river, the thickness of the surface ice varied and the river water reached above my knees. I sighed there would be no way back once I crossed this river. There are many ways in one's life too, you can only take it once and you will no long have the courage to repeat it.I pushed the bike crossing the river. Some of the ice was a bit soft, jamming the tyres so that I had to use my feet to break them first. Some of the ice was a bit thick but with half-melted underneath, sticking the the bike completely, some of the ice was half-water half-ice with a sandy riverbed, which was really hard to pass. I had to remove all of the panniers at the last stage of the crossing. I spent the whole four hours to cross the river, my legs got many bloody cuts. At 6pm, the surface ice was almost disappeared completely, the river level rapidly rising to a chaotic status. I thought if I hesitated a little bit at that time, I could not have the courage to cross this river under such circumstances. The river bank was unimaginably sandy and was quite steep. I had to unloaded the panniers again to reach the top of the bank. By the time of sunset, the weather became exceptionally good. The sunlight from the descending sun, the blue sky, the faint moon, .... I liked such a colorful and peaceful Chang Tang and very much enjoyed my camp and myself bathed in such beautiful colour.The ice like this was very thin and suspended, far away from the main stemHard surface with half-melted underneath, the soft sand at the botton was most scaryThe ice like this could easily jam the wheels, hard to get it outI had to unload the panniersChaotic water and terrible hails turned up in no timeThe Chang Tang at the moment liked it used to be,a mixture of cold and warm tones under the golden setting sun Day 8 (April 27), 14.6km, Camping 5112mLast night, I forgot to bring in the odometer, which was out of order due to the coldness in midnight. Since then I used GPS to check the mileage. The digital thermometer was no longer working. I had to use mercury thermometer to collect data. Night temperatures were basically between –15℃—–20℃ while the temperature inside my tent was about –10℃. The advantage of the integrated tent was that it limited the ventilation so to keep warm inside. However, it got clearly disadvantage of heavy condensation and dew. Every morning, there was plenty of frost inside the tent so that I had to put my hood on First Before fully getting dressed. The winds in Chang Tang finally became consistent with the pattern I had researched the other day no or very tiny wind in the morning, strong wind started after 2pm, and then at around 8pm its strength was reduced again. The accuracy of this prediction was about 80%.The road was very bad today. I walked whole afternoon in an ancient riverbed and it was so difficult that I had to use all of my strengths to move a small step forward and then to stop to breath, slower than a snail. After five hours' struggling, my eyes got wet when I saw the grassy river bank. Finally! The nightmare was over.Cold and clear morningHeavy morning condensation in the interior, a lot of frost to clearSuch dawning sunlight indicated a cloudy day ahead Day 9 (April 28), 18km, 5072mIn the morning I entered a range of sandy roads which were so terrible. The solar panel specially designed for GPS got short circuited. After checking it was found to be the diode got damaged. Luckily I got a replacement. Because the GPS was exclusively supplied by a solar panel so that it was no longer a problem for the power supplement of GPS. In a period of 70 days, I did replace the battery once, which saved me a lot of alkaline batteries. I did have another solar panel of 5.4 W which was used specifically for 7.5V Camera, DV and other digital facilities. Unlike water, I had never been short of power.At 7pm in the evening, I arrived at Pur Co. The surface of this lake was very odd the ice by the river bank rose and the river bank was broken, I reckoned that was due to the strong winds. The ice there was mingled with something yellow, could be the stain of alkali. There were many wild yaks on the other side of the lake. There could be two brown bears but I could not be for certain. On the east side of the lake, there was a peninsula leading to the centre of the lake. I camped just opposite to the peninsula. At night , I smashed the ice to get drinking water, which tasted alkali. For the first time I cooked the cereals, which was brought completely by accident. This was just because I found there was a little bit of extra space when I was in Nagri packing the stuff for this journey so that I bought two packs of cereals. It tasted disgusting, probably there was too much alkali in the water. I threw away half of it. Later I realised that probably I subconsciously felt that the provisions was so heavy. I would rather make it lighter at any cost.Dry all my stuff in the morning sun, a routine matterA faint dusk in Pur CoThe river bank pushed up by ice and opened like zipper by gustsThe pushed up surface of the iceThe place where I got my drinking water, a thin layer of ice behind the ablation corns The moment just before sun set, glittering Pur Co, nothing was the same差点儿没找到俺自己的帖子，原来变色了。多谢各位鼓励。 Day 10 (April 29), 16km, Camping 5141mIn the morning, I walked around the north bank of the Pur Co， where it were continuous ups and downs sprinkled with light yellow sprouts across the sparse grassland. The wild yaks clustered into small groups. All of a sudden, there was a group of five of them running towards me, blowing a huge cloud of dust with the power of thunderbolts,I believed that anyone who did not know the characters of the wild yaks must be frightened to death under such circumstances. The fact was the wild yaks in groups never injured people. Rushing to you just to show you its territory. When they approached people at certain distance, they would turn sharply and run away, and then stopped somewhere high to stare at you. You can not imagine that the wild yaks were very cautious animals compared with its almost one ton of weight. Their first reaction, when meeting people, was to raise their tails, the front hooves rubbing against the ground, the horns pointing forward, the eyes redden, and the long body hair shaking, all of which showed their determination to fight.This was the warning sign that you should retreat. However, you should realise that this was only a gesture that they were afraid of you and wanted to scare you away. The thing was that if you were not afraid of them and moved forward, they would run away in no time. There were only some mad yaks attacking people, which was really rare to happen. In Chang Tang, an experienced driver know that it is very dangerous to pass directly from two or three lonely wild yaks. They always tried to avoid confronting them directly. If this was not possible, they would lit a cigarette, smoking, to wait until the yaks walked away themselves. This was because the wild yaks really could attack vehicles, which was not completely rumors. I once asked them why I had not been attacked. They told me that because my bike was so small they would not be bothered to attack it. My own experience was that approaching a wild yak very slowly, do not look into its eyes, and ignored what it was doing. As long as it moved forward a little bit, just stop and give the yaks a little bit of time to think. Because if you forced the yak, it could be themost dangerous animal in the world and nothing could stop them killing. Even a gunshot could not kill it but only left a small hole in its skin. In the past, the nomads living near this land would use yaks' skin as chopping board which was very much endurable. At noon, I lost my balacLAVA, which was brand new and I had never used it once. I could not be bothered to go back tofind it. This resulted in that I had to have my fleece hat day and night in the rest of my journey, which did not provide fully protection from the sun in the plateau. But somehow I was all right, perhaps because my skin is similar to those of yaks, lol. At around half past one, I found a deserted Jeep, upside down. I felt it could be there for years and it could be the vehicle of someillegal HUNTERs. Nowadays, we have wildlife conservation reserves in Chang Tang and the animals here are well protected. However, some people kills the wild yaks to sell them as the domestic yak's meat. In general, it is worth 10,000 Chinese yuans for a single wild yak. Therefore many people take the risk to make money. They often enter the unpopulated areas to hunt and their activities can reach 200 km in diameter. This is why the wild yaks in the deep wilderness are less afraid of people than thoseat the boundaries of the Chang Tang region.There once happened that a wild yak mother revenged its baby's murder in the Altun mountains. Its horns pierced the killer's chest and held his body over its head for more than ten days, which was very touching.Around 3pm, I walked out of the Pur basin. The next point was Hong Shan Daban and then it was the Yueya Hu by the Toze Gangri. At this time I found a vehicle track from south to north. I checked over but could not find the way where they had gone. I took my map, GPS, and compass, climbing up a small hill to estimate the location of Hong Shan Daban. The mountain was very round and it was hard to find the mountain pass. After determining the location of the Daban, I moved straightforward. When I passed a messy grassland, I saw something that I was reluctant to see more than hundreds of wild yaks' head scattered all over, which was definitely the scene of the illegal hunting. After that it was a very long ancient river bed with soft sand slowly rising until the foot of the mountain.There are some spines on the surface of the tongues of wild yaks, which are used by nomads in this area as combs. They use them from their teens to the time when their hair becomes silver.The deserted Jeep, could be left by illegal hunters years agoThe slaughtered wild yaks with the wheel size heads. Some of the skulls were chopped into half. Why was that? Could be taken away for making combs?My camp at the foot of the Daban underthe lingering golden rays of the setting sun. Tomorrow's weather must be wonderful, I reckoned Day 11(April 30)， 20.4km, Camping 5120mThe surface of the road leading to Hong Shan Daban was very hard, most of them were small rocks, sort of gravels, plus a quite long downhill slope, I pushed my bike more than 20km for the first time after Luxing Hu. The mountain pass was quite flat, just like a broad ridge, it was 5256m above the sea level. Upon arriving at the pass, Toze Gangri of 6356m was in my sight clearly, very much round and there was no back bone like normal snow covered mountains. Most of the snow mountains in Chang Tang looked like this probably it was due to the geological movements. There were quite a few chirus or Tibetan antelopes in the valley but I was not interested in this kind of animals anymore after I witnessed a large scale of migration of such animals last year elsewhere.The herbivorous animals here are very quick to reach its original size of the population, such as wild yaks, chirus, Tibetan gazelle, pika, and marmot. When you go into the depths of the Chang Tang, you could hardly be surpised by the sudden appearance of the chirus because they are so common in here. At this time of year, the chirus have already male-female parted. You could see many pregnant female chirus but hardly see any males. According to recent research, Zonag Co is not the only lake for breeding. There are at least four of them in the whole Chang Tang. Zonag Co, Tuzi Hu, Heishi Beihu, and another lake I can not remember. I think there must be more than four of them and most of the populations do not migrant long way like most people used to think. They generally migrant from south to north between Central Mountains and Kunlun Mountains.The chirus looks very timid but are very curious about outside world. They are not really afraid of people, particularly in the depth of the Chang Tang. The nearest distance we can approach is about 30m. They just stare at you calmly and think who you are and why you move so slow. They would run in front of you. Look like they are afraid of you but the fact is they are playing with you. A man's own character shapes his fortune. This is of course suit for animals too. The chirus are the typical one. They have a super speed and a pair of sharp antlers. If they are crazy, three of them work together could easily kill a wolf. But as you might have known, their antlers are just for fighting to mate with females.Down the Daban there was a very steep and straight road, I tried to ride the bicycle but ended up with falling over. The front rack came loose and one of the pannier flew into valley. The foot of the mountain was the Yueya Hu covered by ice, which was alake full of heavy metal elements. Along the lake bank there were many stark rocks very much weathered, lining up just like castles or houses. This made me stop to investigate what they were from time to time, I did understand they were just rocks though but they were so real like the figures of real people. On of them even made me hide in a ditch, observing them again and again using my binoculars. There were also many black volcanic rocks. All in all, the features of this area were really unusual.Passed over the Yueya Hu, it was an endless ancient lake bed. What my GPS showed was this area was a big lake like tentacles. I looked around, it was endless wilderness without a piece of ice and a drop of water. Roughly, I estimated this lake bed was about 1200 square meters. I had to tell you that Chang Tang was a place where there was no high-resolution map. The marks in the map often were some kind of memory. Just like this ancient lake bed under my feet, may be it was full of water a few years ago. Who knows. Pushing the bike in such an endless lake bed was very easy to get lost. My mind was in a chaotic status too.The migration of the animals, photo taken last year The road rising up to the Daban, full of gravels, very hard, ideal for pushing your bikeThe Yueya Hu gazed at by the round and smooth Toze Gangri. At a glimpse, could you tell which was mountain, which was cloud?Ancient lake bed. The white stains were the alkali, look like ice. About wildlife (part 1)Declaration Personal experience for reference onlyDangerous wild animals and their threats to human beings are a ever-LASTING subject for those backpackers travelling in the wild.In Chang Tang, for example, there are two kinds of deadly animals, one is wolves and the other is brawn bears. As substitutes, wild yaks and crows might be dangerous to you in some circumstances that I will come back to this a little bit later on. As for how to protect yourself against these dangerous animals, I think the primary point is you do not try to hurt them because the emotions of human and animals are same instinctively. [Wolves]Throughout my journey, I met wolves a total of seven times, in which I confronted them five times. As you might have known that wolves have become more and more solitary animals, it is very rare they live in a large group nowadays. Please allow me off the point a little bit and talk about the ecological problems in Chang Tang. The problem is now not the decrease of the number of the chirus but the imbalance of the whole food chain, more specifically, the number of the animals on the higher trophic levels of the food chain has not yet reached its ideal level which results in this kind of imbalance. Particularly, the pikas and the marmots who have lost their predators rapidly expanse which results in the desertification of Chang Tang. As early as the middle of last century, wolves were the dominant predators in the vast wilderness. They became a threat not only to other preys but also nomads pasturing in this land. Therefore, the then government called on people to cull back the population of the wolves in Chang Tang, which resulted in the current situation directly. The last official record about wolves attacking humans was around 1970s, which happened in Bamaoqiongzong. A team of secientists was surrounded by a group of wolves and they had to shoot them using guns. Of course, at present in Chang Tang, wolves are absolutely lonely.In this traverse, the first time I encountered a pair of wolves, one of them staying in front of me pretending to attack me while the other staying behind me. This is the standard attacking strategy of wolves. First, you should not be nervous which can be easily detected by the predators. Second, you should not retreat even an inch because this means you are the prey rather than the predator. Do not make any large movement, of course you could take a picture if you feel safe to do so. You must look into its eyes for a few minutes or even half an hour. When the wolves can not work out who you are and consider you are not posing any danger to them, then they will leave. You should remember that wolves in this land do not lack of food and it is much easy for them to catch a pika than a human. Even if being hungry, they would evaluate how easy to get you done, What you need to do is to show them that you are not interested in them and you are not afraid of them at all, let alone to show your ID card to them. As for the wolves family, really, I have not heard for ages. If you really have an encounter with them and they have no other choice, then it definitely depends on your forture. In fact, for so many year, it has been very rare to happen that wolves kill human. But the rumours are still there, in particular, the road connecting Xinjiang and Tibet.The nearest encounter with a wolf throughout my journey, no conflict at all[Brown Bears]Brown bears are real dangerous animals to human. Every year there are some accidents happened in some regions of Xinjiang on the north side of Kunkun Mountains and steppes in Northern Tibet. More than that the bears could attack your house, smash your windows, and eat your sheep. Therefore, in Northern Tibet some local councils give subsidies to the pastorarists for compensating the losses due to the bears because they are not allow to fight back and kill the bears except their lives are in great danger. Once there was a nomad taught me a method to protect yourself from bears. He told me to pick up a stick to feed the bear and the bear thinks the stick is your hand which tastes disgusting. So the bear would leave. It was so funny but the reality is to find a stick in this vast wilderness is just like you win the lottery.Bears are omonivorous animal who are generally not interested in human flesh. You can find that in most of accidents, the bears did not eat any of the human flesh rather they just smashed them for kind of fun that we could not understand. For the reason why bears kill human, one explanation is the conflict between human and wildlife in this extreme ecological environment. The nomads invade the habitats of the bears, which results in these conflicts. On the other hand, it might be because bears have quite high IQ so that they think it is much easy to kill a sheep in the cote rather than to kill a pika in the wild.I have met bears five times in my traverse, in two cases we were very close to each other. I had even walked with one of them for quite a while, just like we had a date for a walk. The fact is it is not that terrible like you might imagine. The same rules for dealing with wolves apply to bears. Never provoke dangerous animals. A bear can run at a speed of 40km/h, do you think you can compete this in a highland 5,000m above sea level?However, there is a situation where it is really dangerous, that is the encounter. It is not easy to control your instinctive reaction to the external dangers. Last year once I turned around a hill, there was a bear just in front of me. The bear of course was frightened by me with its front legs holding up, waving in the air and roaring. At that time I sat on the ground, ignoring it. The bear then left in a few minutes. Chang Tang is a vast land so that this is not that easy to happen. But if it does happen, really only God can bless you.The nearest encounter with a bear throughout my journey. This bear disappeared in a herd of wild yaks, which I had tried hard to spot, really weird About wildlife (part 2)Declaration personal experience for reference only.[Wild Yaks]I have talked about quite a few, like in the post of Day10. I will no longer talk about it.This was the funniest encounter with a solitary wild yak, who did not warn me. If I sat down, it sat down too. If I moved forward, it stopped. Could not imagine what it was thinking about.[Crows]Crows are dangerous only when you fall unconscious in the wilderness. Of course they will be the first to taste your flesh in that case. Unlike their cousinsliving in urban areas, the crows in Chang Tang have a larger body like eagles. When they fly over your head, you could feel like it is a piece of cloud. They are scavengers but like fresh meat too. It once happened that a baby was killed by crows relentlessly, let alone the lambs got killed by them. Once a nomad asked me for fireworks to scare the crows away. (They are sacred birds not to be killed by human)It is easy to defend yourself against crows, that is to keep fighting, never fall in the wilderness.A short break attracted the crows. Of course, they were miscalculating this time, photo taken last year[Strategies Adopted]At the time when I met the four soldiers in Jieshan Daban, they said there were many dangerous animals in the Northern Tibet and asked me if I had brought a shotgun. I think if they knew that I would enter Chang Tang they would definitely check if I really have a shotgun. The so-called defence facilities I brought with me were the fireworks and pepper spray. I had never used them. The fireworks were ruined and thrown away when I crossed a river and I had never opened the pepper spray. I even had never thought about this when camping in the night. The reason was I did not feel the needs. During the day time whenever I met any animals I had never touched the knife I had brought. I did not have anything to defend myself when I walked out to investigate the route. The Chang Tang is really a vast area so as to be very easy to detect anything strange.By the way, you'd better to avoid mating season's animals because even tamed rabbits could be aggressive in mating season.The thing is even if you have a gun, it is not very much helpful when bears attack you. Therefore, your attitude is most important.I can tell you something. Dogs are more dangerous than these wild animals. I had been chased by Tibetan dogs, pounced on by dogs in mating season, also besieged by a group of dogs. I really feel it is more useful to know how to defend a dog.Declaration again The above experience is from Chang Tang only. Of course, the more you prepared, the better. Day 12 (May 1), 23.8km, Camping 5117mToday was May 1 -- the Labour Day, I had been walking in some lake area marked in the map but clearly dried up. The lake basin was flat and hard so that I even pushed my bike more than 20km. Let it be the special treat for my May Day. After midday it became cloudy with growing winds. Since the Yueya Hu that I passed yesterday, there were no big lakes until Yanghu Co (My route would be between Jianshui Hu and Bairab Co), there was even no light alkaline water to drink so I had to pay extra attention not to miss any possible drinking water supply to fill up my water bag. There were a few very small lakes but all were alkaline puddles which was very shallow, whose depth was no more than the length of a half-finger. These puddles were covered with a hard shell of the mixture of salt and ice which smelled stinking and decaying when getting closer, must be toxic water I supposed. On the shore of this type of small lakes it was muddy soil and very hard to get closer.There was no sign of tundra at all.It was almost half past six when I found some snow corns in a ditch, which was the only drinking water supply of the day. There was a thin layer of melted ice on the surface of the ground near the snow corn, which was very hard to collect and was contaminated by the alkali. The snow corn was the yet melted thick snow, which was shaped like a corn by wind. The snow was quite hard and dry,porous like ice. I crushed a few snow corns, putting them into the water bag.They would be my drinking water tonight. These snow corns were the only one in today's wilderness, I reckoned the reason why they were not melted like others was the soil underneath contained large amount of ice blocks which acted as a freezer.Very strong gale in the night, it was hard to bear the sound of the vibration of the tent. Small single tent was good in the sense that it would not be blown away as long as you stayed inside. But you had to be very careful to set up the tent. I once did not pay much attention when doing so, the tent was blown away by winds, and rolling over like a Giant lantern ... I ran after it, got it back, and was exhausted. In general, it is not possible to fix the tent completely using tent pegs because they were not very much effective like large tents. It was snowing around 23 o'clock, the winds were howling from north,then the falling snow flakes landed on my tent quietly, I finally felt at peace and fell asleep. The flat ancient lake basin, assisting me walking more than 20kmSmall lake en route, toxic waterSnow corns, the only drinking water supply today Day 13 (May 2), 0km, Camping 5117mWaking up in the morning and opening the tent, the heavy snow outside must be sent by the God to force me have a break for the May Day. After lying in for a while, getting up and walking on the snowy ground out I went to have a look around. As first sight there were a herd of chirus. They were plainly to be spotted because they looked like a clear black straight line in the while snow. I returned to get my camera and then followed them to take some pictures. But they were very much alert and kept a quite long distance from me. I felt they were a group of pregnant females, instinctively protecting themselves from any potential harm. I was no longer short of water, the snow gave me a precious supply of drinking water. The problem was that they were very petrol consuming. I tool 8.6 litre of petrol and the oil stove was Duola's MSR. The pot was of 1.5 litre, mainly for boiling water. After several days' experiments, I found that the liquid water needed 16mins and 14-15mins to boil in the morning and evening, respectively. For ice, it would take 35-40mins while for snow it took 45-50mins. Melting snow was a very time and petrol consuming process so if I had a choice between snow and light alkaline water, most of time I would go with the latter. Lying inside the tent, listening to musics,I smoked a cigarette while gazing at the more and more chirus around me. Because it was very cold I had been wearing my shoes all the time. Now I just put my bare feet under the warm sun for some fresh air. I found three cuts in my hands and one in my sole. The cuts were about 4cm in length, looked terrible but it was actually all right really. Half of my toes were injured by to much walking, quite painful. I fetched my medicine bag and found I only got four patches of plasters, a serious mistake. One of the cuts in my hand had never been cured until I was out of this desolate land so as to feel like this finger would drop from my hand at any time. The others quickly recovered in a few days then new cuts appeared elsewhere. This process occurred periodically. I felt that it was somewhat related to the cold, dry weather and the lack of vitamins. The snow rapidly disappeared, which is unique phenomenon in Chang Tang. Because of the low air humidity and the high radiation from the sun, the snow was evaporating very fast, much quicker than the melting speed. Owing to this, the ground was generally still dry after the snow disappeared. In most cases, it would be only 2/5 left in the afternoon around 2 to 3 o'clock and small patches of ground could be seen. It would be completely all right for walking the next day. On the third day there could be some snow left in somewhere the sunlight hard to reach. So generally it could give you three days of water supply after a heavy snow like this. One of the pannier was broken, the most expensive one from deuter series, supposed to be waterproof. I will come back to it at some point later. Everything was covered by snow, no way out Lying in the middle of Chang Tang, listening to Tian Zhen's songs, and smoking Baisha cigarettes, what else can you ask for? The pregnant female chirus in migration, probably heading to Heishi Beihu to give birth([]
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